Recent Update on Diagnosis and Management of Hypertension: Based on the 2023 European Society of Hypertension Guidelines
- Min Kyoung Kang, MD, PhD
ê³ íìì ì§ëš ë° ì¹ë£: 2023 ì ëœê³ íìíí ê°ìŽëëŒìžì êž°ë°ìŒë¡
- ê°ë¯Œê²œ
- Received February 22, 2024; Â Â Â Revised June 7, 2024; Â Â Â Accepted June 13, 2024;
- ABSTRACT
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Since the release of the updated hypertension guidelines by the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and American Society of Hypertension, noteworthy revisions have been introduced by both the Korean Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Hypertension. Given the increasing prevalence of hypertension, it is essential for neurologists who frequently encounter patients with multiple chronic condition to have a thorough understanding of hypertension. In addition, effectively controlling hypertension can potentially lower the risk of neurological disorders including stroke and cognitive impairment. Thus, itâs crucial for neurologists and healthcare professionals to possess a comprehensive understanding of diagnosing and managing hypertension. Therefore, in this paper, the essentials for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension based on the latest guidelines from the European Society of Hypertension are summarized.
- ì ë¡
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ê³ íìì ì°ëЬëëŒ ì±ìž ìžêµ¬ 3ëª ì€ 1ëª ìž 1,200ë§ ëª ìŽ ë³Žì í ëíì ìž êµë¯Œ ë§ì± ì§íìŽë€[1]. ê³ íìì ì±ìžì ì¬ë§ ììž ì€ ê°ì¥ 죌ìí ìí ììžìž ì¬ëíêŽì§í곌 ë°ì í êŽë šìŽ ìê³ ì ì í ì¹ë£ê° ëë€ë©Ž ê·žë¡ ìží ì¬ëíêŽ í©ë³ìŠ ë° ì¬ë§ ìíì ê°ììí¬ ì ìë ì¡°ì ê°ë¥í ìíìžìëŒë ì ìì ì€ìíë€[2]. êµëŽì ê³ íì ì¡°ì ë¥ ì ë¹ ë¥ž ì¶ìžë¡ ìì¹ ì€ìŽë ì ë³ë¥ ì ì¬ì í ìŠê° ì¶ìžìŽë©° ê³ íì íìì ê²œì° ëì¡žì€ ë° ìžì§ì¥ì ë±ì ì 겜ê³ì§íì ëë°íë 겜ì°ê° ë§ìŒë¯ë¡ ì 겜곌 ìë£ì§ì ê³ íì ì§ëš ë° êŽëЬì ëí ìì§ê° íìíë€[3,4]. 2022ë ëíê³ íìííìì êµëŽ ì€ì ì ë§ë ê³ íì ì§ëš ë° ì¹ë£ì§ì¹šì ë°ííììŒë©° ìŽí 2023ë ì ëœê³ íìíí ê°ìŽëëŒìžìŽ ê°ì ëìë€. 볞 ë Œë¬žììë 2023ë ì ëœê³ íìíí ê°ìŽëëŒìž ê°ì ìì ì€ì¬ìŒë¡ êµëŽ ì±ìžììì ì íí ê³ íì ì§ëš ë° ì ì í ì¹ë£ì ëíì¬ ìŽíŽë³Žê³ ì íë€[5,6].
- 볞 묞
- 볞 묞
- 1. ê³ íìì ì ì
- 1. ê³ íìì ì ì
íì¬ê¹ì§ì ì¬ëíêŽì§í ìë°©ì êŽí ìì ì°êµ¬ 결곌륌 ë°íìŒë¡ 140/90 mmHg ìŽìì ê³ íììŽëŒê³ êµì ì ìŒë¡ ì ìíê³ ìë€(Table 1) [2,7,8]. ì ì íìì ìì¶êž°íì 120 mmHg 믞ë§ìŽë©Žì íì¥êž°íì 80 mmHg륌 몚ë ë§ì¡±íë 겜ì°ë¥Œ ë»íë©° ììì ìŒë¡ ì¬ëíêŽ ìíëê° ë®ì íìêµ°ìŽëŒë ì믞륌 ê°ëë€. 2017ë 믞êµê³ íìíí ì§ë£ì§ì¹šìì ê³ íìì 130/80 mmHg ìŽììŒë¡ ì ìí멎ì ê³ íì ì ìì ëí ë ŒëìŽ ìììŒë 믞êµì¬ì¥íìì ì°êµ¬ìì ê³ íì ê°ìŽëëŒìžìž Joint National Committee 7 ê°ìŽëëŒìž, 2022 ëíê³ íìíí ì§ë£ì§ì¹š ë° 2023 ì ëœê³ íìíí ê°ìŽëëŒìžì ê²œì° êž°ì¡Žì 140/90 mmHg ìŽìì ê³ íììŒë¡ ì ìíë êž°ì€ì ì ì§íê³ ìë€[5,6,9,10]. 2023 ì ëœê³ íìíí ê°ìŽëëŒìžììë ê³ íìì ì ììë ë³íê° ììŒë íì ìì¹ì 귌거íì¬ ê³ íìì ë±êž(grade)ì ëëê³ ê³ íì ì°êŽ ì¥êž° ììì ê³ ë €í ëšê³(stage)륌 구ë¶íì¬ ì©ìŽë¥Œ ì 늬íìë€(Table 2, Fig. 1). ê³ íì ëšê³ì ììž êž°ì€ê³Œ ì믞ì ëíì¬ë íêž° ê³ íì íìì íê°ìì ìì íìë€.- 2. íìì ìž¡ì
- 2. íìì ìž¡ì
ê³ íìì ì§ëš, ì¹ë£, ìí íê°ì ììŽì ê°ì¥ ê·Œê°ìŽ ëë ê²ì ì íí íìì ìž¡ì ìŽë€. íìì ìž¡ì í겜, ìž¡ì êž°êž°, ìž¡ì ë°©ë², íì ìž¡ì ì¡°ì¬ìì ì êž°ì ë°ëŒì ë³ëì±ìŽ í¬êž° ë묞ì 컀í륌 ì¬ì©í ìì ìë íìê³ë¥Œ ìŽì©íì¬ íì€ì ìž ë°©ë²ìŒë¡ ë°ë³µ ìž¡ì í ì§ë£ì€ ìì¶êž°íì â¥140 mmHg ëë íì¥êž°íì â¥90 mmHg륌 êž°ì€ìŒë¡ ìŒìŒë©° ìŽ ìžì íëíì ìž¡ì ëë ê°ì íì ìž¡ì ì ë¶ê°ì ìŒë¡ ìííì¬ ê³ íìì ì§ëšíê³ ë¶ë¥íë€[6,9,11,12]. ìž¡ì ë°©ë²ì ë°ë¥ž êž°ì€ìŽ ë€ë¥ž ì ì ëí ìì§ê° íìíë€(Table 1). ìµê·Œ ê°ë°ëìŽ ë늬 ì¬ì©ëë ì€ë§íží° ë° ìí ꞰꞰ륌 ìŽì©í 컀í ìë íìê³ë¡ íìë€ì ì§ë£ì€ ë° íì ìž¡ì ì ëìì ë°ê³ ìë ë¶ë¶ìŽ ììŒë íìì ì§ëšìë ì¬ì©íì§ ìë ê²ì ê¶ê³ íê³ ìë€[13].ì²ì ë³ìì 방묞íë íìì íìì ìž¡ì í ëìë ìíì íìì 몚ë ìž¡ì íë©° ë€ììë íì ìì¹ê° ëì íìì íìì ìž¡ì íë€. 1ë¶ ê°ê²©ì ëê³ ì ìŽë 2í ìŽì íìì ìž¡ì íë ê²ìŽ êž°ë³žìŽë©° ë¶ì ë§¥ìŽ ìë ê²œì° 3í ìŽì ìž¡ì íì¬ íê· ì ëžë€[9]. íìì ìž¡ì í ëìë ë±ë°ìŽê° ìë ììì ë±ì êž°ëìŽ ìëë¡ íê³ ìë°ì íì§ ìì ëŽëŠ¬ê³ ë€ëŠ¬ë¥Œ êŒ¬ì§ ë§ììŒ íë©° ìíì ì¬ì¥ ëìŽì ìì¹ììŒìŒ íë€. ìµìí 5ë¶ê° ìì ë ìí륌 ì·ší ë€ìì 컀í륌 ì¬ì¥ ëìŽì ìì¹ììŒ íìì ìž¡ì íë€[11,14]. 컀íë í ëë ì ì ì í 컀í륌 ì¬ì©íì¬ìŒ íë©° ë§ìœ ì ì í¬êž°ë³Žë€ ìì í¬êž°ì 컀í륌 ì¬ì©íì¬ ìž¡ì í멎 íììŽ ëê² ìž¡ì ëë€. ëë¶ë¶ì 컀íìë ì ì© ê°ë¥í í ëë ì ë²ìê° íìëìŽ ììŽì íì ëë¬ë³Žê³ ì í©íì§ë¥Œ ì¡ììŒë¡ íìžíë ê²ë ëììŽ ëë©° ì§ë£ì€ì 3-4ê° ì ë ì¬ìŽìŠì 컀í륌 구ë¹íë ê²ìŽ ë€ìí ì°ë ¹ëì 첎íì íìì íìì ìž¡ì íë ë° ëììŽ ë ì ìë€. ìì¶êž°íì 180 mmHg, íì¥êž°íì 110 mmHg ìŽìì 3ë ê³ íì íì륌 ì ìží멎 ê³ íìì ì§ëšíêž° ìíŽìë ìêž° êž°ì í íìì íì€ ìž¡ì ë²ì ì¬ì©íì¬ 4죌 ìŽëŽ 2í ìŽìì ìžë 방묞 ìì íì ìž¡ì ê°ì ì¬ì©íì¬ íëší ê²ìŽ ê¶ê³ ëë€.ì§ë£ì€ììì íì ìž¡ì ìž íëíì ìž¡ì í¹ì íìê° ì§ì ìíí ì ìë ê°ì íì ìž¡ì ì ì§ë£ì€ìì ìž¡ì ë íìë³Žë€ ìí륌 ë ì ë°ìíë€ê³ ìë €ì ž ìë€[15-18]. 2023 ì ëœê³ íìíí ê°ìŽëëŒìžììë ì§ë£ì€ ë° íì ìž¡ì ì ì€ìì±ì ëíì¬ ê°ì¡°íê³ ìë€. ê°ì íì ìž¡ì ì ê²ìŠë ìë íìê³ë¥Œ ìŽì©íì¬ ìì êž°ì í íì€ íì ìž¡ì ë²ìŒë¡ 2í ìž¡ì íë€. íììê² ì칚 êž°ì í 1ìê° ìŽëŽ, ìë³ì 볞 í, ê³ íì ìœì ë³µì©íêž° ì ì 1í ìž¡ì íê³ ì ë ì ì늬ì ë€êž° ì ì 1í ìž¡ì íëë¡ ìê°ì ëí ì§ì¹šì ì€ ì ìë€. ê°ì íì ìž¡ì ì íµíŽ ì²ì ê³ íìì ì§ëší ëìë ì ìŽë ìžë 방묞 ì 7ìŒì êŒ íìì ìž¡ì íëë¡ ê¶ê³ íê³ ìµì 3ìŒ ìŽìì ìž¡ì ì ë°ëì íìíë€. ê°ì íì ìž¡ì ì íì ë¹ì©ìŽ ë®ê³ ë°±ìê³ íìì ê°ë³í ì ììŒë©° ꞎì¥ëì§ ìë ìí©ìì ë°ë³µì ìŒë¡ ì¥êž°ì íì ìž¡ì ìŽ ê°ë¥í ì¥ì ìŽ ììŒë ìž¡ì ë²ì ëí ì§ì¹šì 믞늬 êµì¡íë ê²ìŽ íìíë€[19,20].íëíì ìž¡ì ìì ê°ì íì ìž¡ì 곌 ì ì¬íê² ìŒììí ìí©ì ë°ìíë©° í룚 ëì ì¬ë¬ ë²ì íì ìž¡ì ì ì ê³µí ì ìë ì¥ì ìŽ ìë€. ëí ë€ìí ììž ë° í겜ìì ìž¡ì ìŽ ê°ë¥íë©° ìŒìì ìž ì£Œê° íë ë° ì멎 ì€ìë íìì ìž¡ì í ì ìë€[11]. ê²ìŠë ìë íìê³ë¥Œ ì¬ì©íì¬ 24ìê°ì ê±žì³ ì£Œê°ìë 15-30ë¶, ìŒê°ìë 30-60ë¶ ê°ê²©ìŒë¡ íìì ìž¡ì íë©° ìì ìž¡ì íìì ìµì 70% ìŽìì íì ìž¡ì ì íê² ëë€. ìŽë¥Œ íµíì¬ 24ìê° íê· íìì ìž¡ì í ì ìê³ ì§ë£ì€ììì íì ìž¡ì ìŒë¡ íëª ëì§ ìë ì íì± ê³ íìì ìë³í ì ììŒë©° 24ìê° íì ë³ëì± ë° ì칚 íì ìŠê°, ìŒê° íì ë³ë ì ë ë±ì í¹ì±ì ì ëííì¬ ì¬íêŽì§íì ìíì ì¬ë§ë¥ ì ë ì ììž¡í ì ìë€[11,21-23]. ê·žë¬ë íëíì ìž¡ì ì ìŠì ì¬ì©ìë ì í©íì§ ìê³ íì ë¹ì©ìŽ ì ì§ ììŒë©° ìŒë° ìë£ êž°êŽìì ë늬 ìŽì©íêž°ì ìŽë €ììŽ ìê³ ì멎 ì€ì ìŒë¶ íììê² ë¶ížì ì€ ì ìë€ë ëšì ìŽ ìë€[11]. ìŽìž ì€ìí ì íì ìŒë¡ë ìì ìíì 믞ì¹ë ìí¥ì íìíêž° ìí ì í 묎ìì ëì¡° ì°êµ¬ê° ììŽ ì¹ë£ì íì ìê³ì¹ì 목íê° ì늜ëìŽ ìì§ ëª»í ì ìŽ ìë€. ë°±ì íšê³Œê° ì ê±°ëë ì ì ê³ ë €íì¬ íë íìì ì§ë£ì€ìì ìž¡ì ë íìì ë¹íŽ ë®ë€ê³ ìë €ì ž ììŒë©° íëíììŒë¡ ìž¡ì ë 24ìê° íê· ìì¶êž°íììŽ 130 mmHg ëë íì¥êž°íììŽ 80 mmHgê° ì§ë£ì€ìì ìž¡ì ë íì 140 mmHg ëë 90 mmHgì ê°ê° íŽë¹íë€(Table 1) [24].ê°ì íì ìž¡ì 곌 íëíì ìž¡ì ì íµíì¬ ë°±ìê³ íì곌 ê°ë©Žê³ íìì ì°ŸìëŒ ì ìë ììì í¹ì¥ì ìŽ ììŒë¯ë¡ 1ëšê³ ê³ íì íì í¹ì ê³ íìì ê°ê¹ìŽ ì ì íì íììê²ì ê°ì íì ìž¡ì 곌 íëíì ìž¡ì ì ê³ ë €í ì ìë€[11]. ëí ì§ë£ì€ììì íì ìž¡ì ì ë³ëìŽ ì»€ì ê³ íì ì§ëšì ëª íí ê²°ì ì ëŽëŠ¬êž° ìŽë €ìŽ ê²œì°, êž°ëŠœì± í¹ì ìí ì íììŽ ìì¬ëë 겜ì°ì ê³ ë €í ì ìë€. ì¶ê°ì ìŒë¡ ê°ì íì ìž¡ì 곌 íëíì ìž¡ì ìŽ ê³ ë €ëìŽìŒ íë ì¬ììŒë¡ë íì ë³ëì±ì ìž¡ì ìŽ ìë€. íìì í룚 ëì ë§€ì° ë³ëì±ìŽ ëìŒë©° í¹í 죌ê°ìë ê·ž ë³ëìŽ í°ë° 24ìê°, ìžë 방묞 ê° ëë ì¥êž°ì ìž íì ë³ëì±ìŽ 24ìê° íê· íì곌 ë 늜ì ìŒë¡ ì¬íêŽ ê²°ê³Œì ë¶ì ì ìŒë¡ ì°êŽëìŽ ìììŽ ì§ë£ì€ììì íì ìž¡ì ì íµíŽ ìë €ì ž ìë€[23,25]. ìŽì 2023 ì ëœê³ íìíí ê°ìŽëëŒìžììë íì ë³ëì± ìž¡ì ì ì€ìì±ì ê°ì¡°íê³ ìë€. ì¹ë£ ì€ìž ê³ íì íìì ì¬íêŽ ìíì ë³Žë€ ì ííê² íê°íë ë° ì§ë£ì€ììì íì ìž¡ì ë¿ ìëëŒ íì ë³ëì±ë ê³ ë €íë ê²ìŽ ì ì©íšì ìììê° íì íê³ ì¹ë£ë¥Œ ë°ë íìë€ìê²ì ë³ë ììŽ ìŒêŽì± ìê² íìì ì¡°ì íë ê²ìŽ ì€ìíšì ê°ì¡°íì¬ êµì¡íë ê²ìŽ íìíë€.- 3. ê³ íì íìì íê°
- 3. ê³ íì íìì íê°
ê³ íìì ì§ëšíê³ íê°íêž° ìíŽìë 첫짞, ìŒì°šì±ê³Œ ìŽì°šì± ê³ íìì ê°ë³íê³ ëì§ž, ê³ íìì ì€ìŠë륌 íê°íë©° ì ì§ž, ì¬ëíêŽì§íì ìíìžìì ìí ìµêŽì íì íê³ ë§ì§ë§ìŒë¡ ì¬ëíêŽì§í ì 묎ì ì¹ë£ì ìí¥ì ì€ ì ìë ëë°ì§í ëë 묎ìŠì ì¥êž° ìì ì 묎륌 íìžíŽìŒ íë€. 2023 ì ëœê³ íìíí ê°ìŽëëŒìžììë ìì ìì ë ê³ íìì ë±êžê³Œ ëšê³ì ê°ë ì ëì íê² ëìë€.ê³ íì íììì íê°ë¥Œ ìí ì§ì°° ë° ê²ì¬ë¥Œ íë ê²ì í¥íì ìíëì ì°šìŽê° ìêž° ë묞ìŽë€. ìž¡ì ëë íìì ìì¹ì ë°ëŒ ë±êž(grade)ì ë³í ì ìì§ë§ ëšê³(stage)ë ìŒë°ì ìŒë¡ ë³íêž° ìŽë µë€. ê³ íì íìë ë€ë¥ž ì¬ëíêŽì§í ìíìžì륌 ëë°íë 겜ì°ê° ë§ì íì ì¡°ì ë§ìŒë¡ êŽë š ìíì ì¡°ì íë ê²ìŽ ì¶©ë¶íì§ ììŒë©° 묎ìŠì íìììë ê³ íì ì°êŽ ì¥êž° ìììŽ ë§ìŽ íìžëê³ ìêž° ë묞ì ì¬ëíêŽ ìíë ì°ì¶ì ìíŽìë ë°ëì ì€ì ì§í ì€í¬ëЬëì íŽìŒ íë€ê³ 2023 ì ëœê³ íìíí ê°ìŽëëŒìžìì ê°ì¡°ëê³ ìë€[11]. ì ìë íì ì¥êž° ìì(end-organ damage) ë±ì ííì ì¬ì©íììŒë ìµê·Œìë 구조ì /êž°ë¥ì , ëíêŽ/ìíêŽì ê°ë ì 몚ë í¬íšíì¬ ê³ íì ì°êŽ ì¥êž° ìì(hypertension-mediated organ damage)ìŽëŒë ííìŒë¡ ê°ì íìë€(Fig. 1). ìŽë ê² íê°ë ê³ íìì ë±êžê³Œ ëšê³ì ë°ëŒ ì¬ëíêŽ ìíë륌 ê³ìžµííììŒë©° Fig. 2ì ì ìë ë°ì ê°ìŽ ì ëœì ê²œì° SCORE2 í¹ì SCORE2-OP ë±ì ê°ë³ ì¬ëíêŽ ìíë ììž¡ ëêµ¬ê° ììŽ ìŽë¥Œ êž°ë°ìŒë¡ ê³ìžµí ì§ë륌 ì ìíìê³ êµëŽ íì륌 ëììŒë¡ í ê³ìžµí ì§ëë íì¬ ê°ë° ì€ìŽë€[26,27]. ìŽë¬í ìíë ê³ìžµí ì ê·Œ ì ëµì í¹í ëì ì ì íì í¹ì 1ë ê³ íì íììì ê³ íì ì¹ë£ë¥Œ ììí ì§ë¥Œ ê²°ì íë ì€ìí ê·Œê±°ê° ëë€. ê³ íì ì¹ë£ê° ì¡°êž°ì ì§íëë€ë©Ž ìŒë¶ ê³ íì ì°êŽ ì¥êž° ìììŽ íë³µë ì ìêž° ë묞ìŽë€[28]. ê³ íììŽ ì€ë ì§ìë ê²œì° ì¶í ì¹ë£ë¥Œ íµíì¬ íìì ì¡°ì íëëŒë ê³ íì ì°êŽ ì¥êž° ìììŽ íë³µëì§ ìì ì ìë€[28].- 4. ê³ íì íìì ìœë¬Œ ì¹ë£ ìì곌 목í íì
- 4. ê³ íì íìì ìœë¬Œ ì¹ë£ ìì곌 목í íì
ê³ íì íìì íê°ê° ì€ìí ìŽì ë ê³ íì ì¹ë£ë¥Œ ììíê³ ì í ëìë ì ëë¡ ìž¡ì ë íìì ìì¹ë¿ ìëëŒ ê°ê°ìžì êž°ì ìíë륌 ê³ ë €íì¬ìŒ íêž° ë묞ìŽë€. ì¬ëíêŽì§íìŽ ìë íìì ìë íìì ì¹ë£ ìì ìì ì ë€ë¥Žë€. ì¬ëíêŽì§íì ìíëê° ëì íììŒìë¡ ê°ì ì ëì íìì ëšìŽëšëŠŽ ë êž°ëëë ìŽëìŽ ëë€ê³ ìë €ì ž ìë€[29].ê³ íì ì¹ë£ë¥Œ íµíì¬ ì¬ëíêŽì§íì ìë°©íë íšê³Œê° ì묎늬 ì°ìíì¬ë ê³ íì ì ëšê³ìì ìœë¬Œ ì¹ë£ë ê¶ê³ íì§ ìëë€. íìì ë°ë¥ž ì¬ëíêŽì§íì ì¬ë§ë¥ ì 115/75 mmHgìì ìì¶êž°íììŽ 20 mmHg, íì¥êž°íììŽ 10 mmHgì© ìŠê°íšì ë°ëŒ 2ë°°ì© ê³ì ìŠê°íë€[29]. ìŠ íììŽ 120/80 mmHg ìŽììž ê²œì°ìë ê³ íìì ë°ì ë° ì¬íêŽ ì¬ê±Žì ìë°©íêž° ìíì¬ ì ê·¹ì ìž ìí ìë²ì ê¶ê³ íì¬ìŒ íë€[30,31]. ìì§ ê³ íì ì ëšê³ìì ì¡°êž° ìœë¬Œ ì¹ë£ì íšê³Œë ëª ííì§ ìë€[31]. ë€ë§ ëì ì ì íì íì ì€ ê³ íìì ëšê³ê° ëì ê³ ìí í¹ì ìµê³ ìí 귞룹ìŒë¡ íê°ëë ê²œì° ì¹ë£ íšê³Œê° ìë€[32]. ì¬ëíêŽ ìíëê° ì ìíêµ°ìž 1ë ê³ íììž ê²œì° ìœë¬Œ ì¹ë£ë¥Œ ììíë ê²ì ëí ìì ê·Œê±°ê° ë€ì ë¹ìœíì¬ ìí ìë²ì 뚌ì ìíí í ì¡°ì ëì§ ìì ë ìœë¬Œ ì¹ë£ë¥Œ ììíëë¡ ê¶ê³ ëë©° ì¬ëíêŽ ìíëê° ìë 1ë ê³ íì í¹ì ê³ íìì ë±êžìŽ 2ë ê³ íì ìŽììŒ ê²œì° ë°ë¡ ìœë¬Œ ì¹ë£ë¥Œ ììíëë¡ ê¶ê³ ëë€[29,33]. ë€ë§ 80ìž ìŽìì ê³ ë ¹ íìì ê²œì° ìì¶êž°íììŽ 160 mmHg ìŽììŒ ì ê³ íì ì¹ë£ë¥Œ ê³ ë €í ì ììŒë©° ìŽë¬í ê²°ì ì íì ê°ìžì ì¬ëíêŽ ìíë ë° ììœì ì ë륌 ê°ìíì¬ ê°ë³ì ìŒë¡ ì ê·ŒíŽìŒ íë€ê³ ê¶ê³ ëê³ ìë€.ìŒì°šì ìŒë¡ íìì ë®ì¶êž° ìí 목ì ìŒë¡ íê³ íììœì ë³µì©í íììì 목í íìì êŽí ì°êµ¬ë¡ strategy of blood pressure intervention in the elderly hypertensive patients (STEP) ë° action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes (ACCORD) ì°êµ¬ê° ììŒë ìµê·Œì ë©í ë¶ìììë ì¬íêŽì§íìŽ ìë ê³ ìíêµ° íì륌 140/90 mmHg ìŽìì íììì ìœë¬Œ ì¹ë£ë¥Œ ììíì¬ ìì¶êž°íìì 130 mmHg ê°ê¹ìŽ ë®ì¶ë ê²ìŽ ì¬íêŽì§íì ëí ìë°© íšê³Œê° ê°ì¥ ë°ìŽë¬êž° ë묞ì ì¬íêŽì§íìŽ ìë ê³ ìíêµ°ì ëíì¬ íìì 130/80 mmHgê¹ì§ ë®ì¶ëë¡ ê¶ê³ íìë€[34]. ë€ë§ 2023 ì ëœê³ íìíí ê°ìŽëëŒìžìë 목í íìì ìíì ë¿ë§ ìëëŒ ííì ì ì ìíì¬ ê³ íì ì¹ë£ ì 묎조걎ì ìŒë¡ íìì ë®ì¶ë ê²ìŽ ìëì ê°ì¡°íìë€(Fig. 3). ëí ì°ë ¹ì ëëìŽ ìžë¶ 목í íìì ì ìíìëë° 18-64ìžì ê³ íì íìë 목í íìì 130/80 mmHg 믞ë§ìŒë¡ ì ìíì¬ ì ê·¹ì ê°ìì ì ìíìê³ 65-79ìžì ê³ íì íìë 목í íìì 140/80 mmHg 믞ë§, 65-79ìžì ìì¶êž° ëšë ê³ íì íìë ìì¶êž°íì 140-150 mmHg, 80ìž ìŽìì ê³ ë ¹ íìì ê²œì° ëª©í ìì¶êž°íììŽ 140-150 mmHgìŽë íìê° ë¶ìì©ìŽ ììŒë©Ž 130-139 mmHgê¹ì§ ì¡°ì ìŽ ê°ë¥íë€. ë€ë§ ìì¶êž°íììŽ 70 mmHg ìŽíë¡ ì íëë ìí©ì 죌ìíì¬ìŒ íë€ë ìžë¶íë ê¶ê³ ê° ì€ë €ìë€[35-37].- 5. ê³ íìì ìœë¬Œ ì¹ë£
- 5. ê³ íìì ìœë¬Œ ì¹ë£
2023 ì ëœê³ íìíí ê°ìŽëëŒìžììë ìŽì ê°ìŽëëŒìžê³Œ ê°ìŽ êž°ì¡Žì ê°ì¥ ë§ìŽ ì¬ì©ëë 5ë ê³ìŽ ìœì ì ëí ìê°ë ì ì§ëìë€[38]. 5ë ê³ìŽ ìœì ë ìì§ì€í ì ì ííšììµì ì (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors), ìì§ì€í ì IIìì©ì²Žì°šëšì (angiotension II receptor blockers), 칌ìíµë¡ì°šëšì (calcium channel blockers), ìžìŽìììŽë ëë ìžìŽìììŽë ì ì¬ìŽëšì (thiazide/thiazide-like diuretics), ë² íì°šëšì (beta blockers)ìŽë€. Ʞ졎 ê°ìŽëëŒìžê³Œ ë€ë¥ž ì°šìŽì ì ë² íì°šëšì ì ì€ìì±ìŽ ë¶ê°ë ì 곌 SGLT2ìµì ì (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 [SGLT2] inhibitors) ë° ë¹ì€í ë¡ìŽë묎Ʞì§ìœë¥Ží°ìœìŽëêžžíì (nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists) ë±ì ìœì ê° ì¬ì© ê°ë¥íê³ íšê³Œì ìž ê³ìŽë¡ ì¶ê°ë ì ìŽ ìë€.ë¹ ë¥ž íšê³Œë¥Œ ìíì¬ ìŒì°š ì¹ë£ ìœì ë¡ ê³ ë ¹, ëì ì ì íì, 1ëì ì ìí ê³ íì íì ìžì ëë¶ë¶ì íììì 2ì ë³ì© ìë²ì ììí ê²ìŽ ê¶ê³ ëê³ ììŒë©° 2ì ìë² ì ìì§ì€í ì ì ííšììµì ì /ìì§ì€í ì IIìì©ì²Žì°šëšì ê³ìŽì ëíì¬ ìžìŽìììŽë ëë ìžìŽìììŽë ì ì¬ìŽëšì ê³ìŽ í¹ì 칌ìíµë¡ì°šëšì ê³ìŽì ìŽì©í ê²ì ì¶ì²íê³ ìë€. 3ì ìë²ì ê²œì° ìì ìžêží 3ê° ê³ìŽì ìœì 륌 ììíŽ ë³Œ ì ìë€(Fig. 4). ìœì 륌 ì¬ì©í ììë ê° ê³ìŽë³ ì ìì ì ì¬ì ì ìì§íì¬ìŒ íë€(Fig. 5).ìŽì ì ê°ìŽëëŒìžììë ë€ë¥ž ê³ìŽì íì ì¡°ì ìœì ë€ê³Œ ë¹êµ ì ë² íì°šëšì ê° ë졞ì€ì ëí ìíë ê°ì íšê³Œê° ì ì ì 곌 ëì¬ìŠíêµ° íììì ì ê· ë°ì ë¹ëšë³ ë¹ëê° ëìë ì ìŽ ìœì ìŽììŒë 2023 ì ëœê³ íìíí ê°ìŽëëŒìžììë êžì±/ë§ì± êŽìëë§¥ì§í, ì¬ê·Œê²œì í ë¶ì ë§¥, íì¬ìŠ, ì¬ë¶ì , ì¬ë°©ìžë, ìì°ë¶ ë° ìì ê³í ì ë± í¹ì ìì ìí©ìì ë² íì°šëšì ê° ì 늬í íšê³Œê° ìë ì ìŽ ì ìëìë€[39-41]. ë€ë§ ìŽë¬í ìŽì ìŽ ìììë ì²ì, ë§ì± íìì± íì§í, 2-3ë ë°©ì€ì ëì¥ì , ëì¬ìŠíêµ° íì ë° ë žìž íììê² í¬ì¬ ì 죌ìíì¬ìŒ íë€.íì¬ íê³ íì ìœë¬Œ ì¹ë£ì 죌ì¶ì ëŽë¹íë ê³ìŽì ìì§ì€í ì ì ííšììµì ì , ìì§ì€í ì IIìì©ì²Žì°šëšì ë¡ íì ê°í ìŽìžìë ì¬íêŽ ë° ê³ íì ì°êŽ ì§íìž ì¬ê·Œê²œììŠ, ì¬ë¶ì , êŽìëë§¥ì§í, ë¹ëšë³ì± ì ìŠ ë° ë§ì± 윩í¥ë³ ë±ìì ì°ìí íšê³Œê° ìŠëª ëìŽ íì¬ í¹ë³í êžêž°ê° ìë í ê³ íì 1ì°š ìœì ë¡ ë늬 ì¬ì©ëê³ ìë€[42,43]. ì ì¥ ë³Žíž íšê³Œìë ë¶êµ¬íê³ ìì§ì€í ì ì ííšììµì ì , ìì§ì€í ì IIìì©ì²Žì°šëšì ë ìœ©í¥ êž°ë¥ì ìœíììŒì íì² í¬ë ìí°ëìŽ ìì¹í ì ììŒë¯ë¡ í¬ìœ ì ì²ì 1-2ê°ì ëŽì íì¡ ê²ì¬ë¥Œ ìííì¬ í¬ë ìí°ëìŽ 30% ìŽì ìì¹íê±°ë íì€ ì¹Œë¥šìŽ 5.5 mEq/L ìŽì ìŠê°íëì§ì ëí 몚ëí°ë§ìŽ íìíë€. í¹í ë§ì± 윩í¥ë³ íìë¡ íì² í¬ë ìí°ëìŽ 3.0 mg/dL ìŽììž ê²œì° ê³ ì¹Œë¥šíìŠì ë°ìì 죌ìíŽìŒ íë€. ìì§ì€í ì ì ííšììµì ì , ìì§ì€í ì IIìì©ì²Žì°šëšì ë íìì êž°íì ìŽëíë ê²ìŒë¡ ìë €ì ž ììŽì ìì ë¶ìê²ë êžêž°ìŽë©° ìì ìŽ ìì ëìŽ ìê±°ë ê°ìë¶ììë í¬ìœ ì 죌ìíŽìŒ íë€.ë ë-ìì§ì€í ì -ìëì€í ë¡ ê³(renin angiotensin aldosterone system)ì ë§ì§ë§ ëšê³ìì ìì©íë ë¹ì€í ë¡ìŽë묎Ʞì§ìœë¥Ží°ìœìŽëêžžíì (nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists)ìž ì€íŒë¡ëëœí€(spironolactone) ë° ìíë ë ë Œ(eplerenone)ì ê²œì° ì¬ë°ì¶ëê°ì ì¬ë¶ì (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction)ìì ì¬ì©ëë íì ê°í íšê³Œì ê°ë¥ì± ìì ì ìëìŽ ìë€[44]. ëí ìì ìì§ì€í ì ê³ì êŽì¬íë ìœì ë¡ ìì§ì€í ì ìì©ì²Ž ìµì ì ì ëížë¥šìŽëší©íìŽë륌 ë¶íŽíë ë€í늎늬ì ì ìµì íë ìœì ì ë³ì© ìë²(angiotension receptor-neprylisin inhibitor, valsartan-sacubitril)ìŽ ìê°ëìŽ ìë€. ì¬ë¶ì íììì ì¹ìžë ìœì ìŽë ìµê·Œ ë©í ì°êµ¬ìì êž°í ê³ìŽì ê³ íì ìœì ì ë¹íŽ ì°ìí íìì ì í íšê³Œë¥Œ ì ìŠí ì°êµ¬ ê²°ê³Œê° ì ìëìŽ ììŽ ìë¡ìŽ íììœ ê³ìŽë¡ ì ìëê³ ìë€[45].칌ìíµë¡ì°šëšì ë ì ë Ží ìœê°, ìì ì ìž ìœëíì ì±ì§ê³Œ ì°ìí ìì 결곌륌 ê³ ë €íì¬ íì¬ê¹ì§ ë늬 ì¬ì©ëê³ ìë€. Dihydropyridine ê³ìŽì 칌ìíµë¡ì°šëšì ìž ìë¡ëí(amlodipine)ì ì¬ë°ì¶ëê°ìì¬ë¶ì íì ë±ìì ì¬ì©í ì ìë€. Nondihydropyridine ê³ìŽì 칌ìíµë¡ì°šëšì ìž ëí°ìì ¬(diltiazem), ë² ëŒíë°(verapamil)ì íêŽ ë¹í¹ìŽì ìž í¹ì±ìŽ ììŒë íì ê°í íšê³Œë¥Œ ëíëŽë©° íë¶ì ë§¥ ìœì ë¡ìì íšë¥ìŽ ëë°ëìŽ ì¬ë°©ìžë íììì ì¬ë°ì ì¡°ì ì ìíŽì ì¬ì©í ì ìë€[2]. 칌ìíµë¡ì°šëšì ë íì ê°í ìŽíì ë°ì¬ì ìž êµê°ì 겜 íì±íë ë¹ë§¥, íêŽ íì¥ì ë°ë¥ž ë€ëЬ ë¶ì¢ ìŽ ìì ì ììŒë¯ë¡ ìŽë¥Œ ì 몚ëí°ë§íë ê²ìŽ íìíë€.ìŽëšì ì ê²œì° ìžìŽìììŽëí ìŽëšì ìž íìŽëë¡íŽë¡ë¡ìžìŽìììŽë(hydrochlorothiazide)ì ìžìŽìììŽë ì ì¬ ìŽëšì ìž íŽë¡ë¥Ží늬ë(chlorthalidone), ìžë€í믞ë(indapamide)ê° ì¬ì©ëê³ ìë€. íì ê°í 잡멎ììë ìžìŽìììŽë ì ì¬ìŽëšì ê° hydrochlorothiazideë³Žë€ íšê³Œê° í° ê²ìŒë¡ ë°íì§ ì°êµ¬ë€ìŽ ììŒë ì¬íêŽê³ ì¬ê±Ž ìë°© íšê³Œììë hydrochlorothiazideì chlorthalidoneì ì¬ì©ìŽ ìíì ì°šìŽê° ëì§ ìë ê²ìŒë¡ íìžëìë€[46-48]. ë€ë§ ì¬êµ¬ì²Žì¬ê³ŒìšìŽ 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 믞ë§ìž ê²œì° hydrochlorothiazideì íšê³Œê° ëšìŽì§ë¯ë¡ ìŽë¬í 겜ì°ìë ê³ ëŠ¬ìŽëšì ê° ì¶ì²ëë©° ê·žëŒìë ì¡°ì ìŽ ëì§ ìë ê²œì° chlorthalidoneì ì¶ê°í ì ìë€. ìŽëšì ë ì 칌륚íìŠ, ì ëížë¥šíìŠ, ê³ ìì°ìŠ, íë¹ ìŠê°, ê³ ì§íìŠ, ì ë§ê·žë€ìíìŠ, ê³ ì¹ŒìíìŠ ë± ë€ìí ëì¬ì± ë¶ìì©ì ì ë°í ì ììŽ ì£Œìê° íìíë€.- 6. ì 겜ê³ì§íììì ê³ íì êŽëЬ
- 6. ì 겜ê³ì§íììì ê³ íì êŽëЬ
1) ëíêŽì§í곌 ê³ íì
1) ëíêŽì§í곌 ê³ íì
íí ë° ì¶íëì¡žì€ ëªšë íììŽ ëììë¡ ìíëê° ìŠê°íë©° ê³ íìì ì¡°ì ê°ë¥í ëì¡žì€ ìíìžì ì€ìì ìžêµ¬ ì§ëšì ëí êž°ì¬ ìíëê° ê°ì¥ ëë€ë ì ìì ì€ìíë€[49,50]. êžì±êž° ì¹ë£ì êŽì ìì 볎ì멎 íì¢ íì¥, íì¢ ì£Œìì ë¶ì¢ , ì¬ì¶í곌 ëì¶í êžì±êž°ì íì ìì¹ìŽ ì°êŽëìŽ ìêž° ë묞ì ëì¶í ë°ë³ í 6ìê° ìŽëŽì íìë€ìê² íìì 140/90 mmHg 믞ë§ìŒë¡ ë®ì¶ë ê²ìŽ ì ê²œê³ ìí륌 ê°ì í ì ìë€ê³ ì ëœê³ íìíí ê°ìŽëëŒìžì ê¶ê³ íê³ ìë€[51,52]. ë€ë§ 믞êµì ëì¶í ì¹ë£ì§ì¹šììë ìíì ë° ì 겜íì ìŒë¡ ìì ë íìì ê²œì° ëª©í íìì 130/80 mmHg 믞ë§ìŒë¡ ì€ì íë ê²ì ê¶ê³ íê³ ìë€[53,54]. 곌ëí íì ê°ì íšê³Œì ëíŽìë íì¢ ì£Œìì ëííì ì ë°í ì ììŽ ì£Œìê° íìíë€. êžì±êž° ëì¶íìì íì ê°ìì íšê³Œë¥Œ íìžíêž° ìí ëíì ìž ë ìììíìž INTERACT-2ì ATACH-IIì ì°žì¬í íìë€ì ë©í ë¶ì ì°êµ¬ìì ìì¶êž°íììŽ 60 mmHg ìŽì ê°ìë 겜ì°ìë ë ë¶ëí ìí륌 볎ìë€[55]. ëì¶í ë°ë³ í 6ìê° ìŽíì ì¹ë£ë¥Œ ììíë íìë€ì ê²œì° ë©í ë¶ì ì°êµ¬ìì íì¢ ì íì¥ì ì€ììŒë ìì ìíì íë³µìë ì ìí íšê³Œê° ììë€[56]. ë€ë§ ìŽêž° ìì¶êž°íììŽ 220 mmHg ìŽììŒ ê²œì° 140-180 mmHg ìëë¡ ì ìê°ì ê±žì³ ì²ì²í ì¡°ì íë ê²ìŽ ì¶ì²ëë€[57,58].êžì±êž° ííë졞ì€ì ê²œì° ëë¶ë¶ì íìë€ìì ìŽêž° íì ìì¹ê° ëìŒë©° ë°ë³ í 48-72ìê° ëì ìì°ì ìŒë¡ ì ì§ì ê°ì륌 볎ìžë€[59]. ííëì¡žì€ í 72ìê° ëì íììŽ 220/120 mmHg ìŽíìž ê²œì° íì ê°ìì íšê³Œê° ìŒêŽì± ìê² ë³Žê³ ëì§ ììêž° ë묞ì íì ê°ì ì¹ë£ë¥Œ ìì íì¬ìŒ íë€. ë€ë§ íì ì©íŽì í¬ì¬ë íì ì ê±°ì ì ê°ì ì¬êŽë¥ ìì ì ë°ê±°ë ë°ì íìë€ì íììŽ íì íê² ëì ê²œì° ëì¶í ìíìŽ ìŠê°íë€ë êŽìž¡ì ì°êµ¬ ê²°ê³Œê° ììŒë¯ë¡ ìŽë¬í íìë€ììë ìŽêž° íì ì¡°ì ìŽ íìíë€. íì ì©íŽì í¬ì¬ íìì ê²œì° í¬ì¬ ì íìì 멎ë°í 몚ëí°ë§íê³ êŽëЬíì¬ ëª©í íììž <180/110 mmHg ìŽíë¡ ì ì§íì¬ìŒ íë©° ë§ìœ íìì íììŽ ìŽë³Žë€ ëë€ë©Ž íê³ íì ìœë¬Œì ì¬ì©íì¬ ëª©í ë²ìë¡ íìì ë®ì¶ í íì ì©íŽì 륌 í¬ì¬íì¬ìŒ íë€[60]. í¬ìœ ìŽí íìì ìµìí ìì í 첫 24ìê° ëì 180/105 mmHg ìŽíë¡ ì ì§íë ê²ìŽ ê¶ê³ ëë©° ì§ì€ì¹ë£ì€ ëë ë졞ì€ì 묞ë³ëìì ì§ìì ìŒë¡ íìì 몚ëí°ë§íë ê²ìŽ íìíë€[60]. íì ì ê±°ì 곌 ê°ì ì¬êŽë¥ ìì ì ë°ì íìì ê²œì° í¹í ì±ê³µì ìž ì¬êŽë¥ê° ë¬ì±ë ê²œì° ìµìí ìì í 첫 24ìê° ëì íìì 180/105 mmHg ìŽíë¡ ì ì§íë ê²ìŽ ê¶ê³ ëë€[60]. íì ì ê±°ì 곌 ê°ì ì¬êŽë¥ ìì ì ë°ì§ ìì íìë€ììë êžì± ííëì¡žì€ í 3ìŒ ìŽì ê³ íììŽ ì ì§ëë ê²œì° íì ê°ì ìœë¬Œì ì²ë°©íê±°ë ì¬ììíë ë°©ììŽ ê¶ê³ ëë€[61-63].êžì±êž° ìŽí ëì¡žì€ ì¬ë°ì ìë°©íêž° ìí ìµì ì íì 목íë ì¬ë¬ ìììí ë° ë©í ë¶ì ì°êµ¬ 결곌륌 íµíŽ ìì¶êž°íì 120-140 mmHgì ë²ìë¡ ê¶ê³ ëë€[64,65]. ì í ì°êµ¬ìì ìì¶êž°íì 120 mmHg 믞ë§ìž ê²œì° ì€íë € ë졞ì€ìŒë¡ ìží ì¬ë§ë¥ ìŽ ìŠê°íë ê²ìŒë¡ ìë €ì ž ììŽ ìŽì ëí 죌ìê° íìíë€[66]. ìŽë¬í 결곌ìë ë¶êµ¬íê³ íìì êž°ë¥ì ìí, ì·šìœì±, ìžì§êž°ë¥ ë° êŽë š ì§íì ê³ ë €íì¬ ëª©í íìì ê°ìžë³ë¡ ê²°ì íë ê²ìŽ íìíë€. ìŒë°ì ìŒë¡ 죌ì 목íë íìì 140/80 mmHg 믞ë§ìŒë¡ ê°ììí€ë ê²ìŽë©° íìì ììì ìí©ì ê°ë¥í ê²œì° í¹ì ìíêŽì§í ëë ìŽê³µë겜ìì ë³ë ¥ì ê°ì§ íìì ê²œì° íìì 130/80 mmHg ìŽíë¡ ì ì§íë ê²ì 목íë¡ íë€[67,68].2) ìžì§êž°ë¥ ì íì ê³ íì
2) ìžì§êž°ë¥ ì íì ê³ íì
ê³ íì곌 ìžì§êž°ë¥ì ë³ëЬì늬íì ì°êŽ ê³ ëŠ¬ë¡ë ëë°±ì§ ë³ì±, 믞ìžì¶í ë° ìŽê³µë겜ììŒë¡ ìŽìŽì§ë ëëìíêŽì 늬몚ëžë§ìŽ ì£Œì êž°ì ìŒë¡ ìë €ì ž ìë€[69]. ì€ë êž°ì ê³ íìì ì¶í ë°ìíë ìžì§êž°ë¥ ì í ë° ì¹ë§€ì 죌ì ìíìž ììž íìŽëšžì¹ë§€ ë° íêŽì¹ë§€ì ì°êŽì±ìŽ ìë€[70,71]. ìµê·Œì 28,000ëª ì íì륌 ëììŒë¡ í ë©í ë¶ì ì°êµ¬ì ë°ë¥Žë©Ž ê³ íì ì¹ë£ë¥Œ íµíŽ íê· ìì¶êž°/íì¥êž°íìì 10/4 mmHg ê°ììí€ë©Ž ì¹ë§€ ë°ë³ ìíëê° 13% ê°ìëë ê²ìŽ íìžëììŒë©° ìì¶êž°íì 130 mmHg ìŽíë¡ì ì§ìì êŽëЬë ëë°±ì§ ë³ì±ì ì§í ë° ì ë°ì ìž ìžì§êž°ë¥ ì í륌 ì€ìžë€ë ë³Žê³ ê° ìë€. ë°ëŒì ìžì§êž°ë¥ ì í ë° ì¹ë§€ì ìíì ì€ìŽêž° ìíŽ ì€ë êž° ë° ë žë êž°ì ê³ íì ì¹ë£ë¥Œ ìííê³ íì êŽëŠ¬ë¥Œ ì§ìì ìŒë¡ ì¶êµ¬íë ê²ì ê¶ì¥íë€[72-74].
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Figure 1.
Indicators of hypertension-mediated organ damage. Adapted from Mancia et al.6 Table 11. ECG; electrocardiogram, LVH; left ventricular hypertrophy, aVL; augmented vector left, LVM; left ventricular mass, BSA; body surface area, RWT; relative wall thickness, LV; left ventricle, LVDDiam; left ventricular diastolic diameter, LAV; left atrial volume, GLS; global longitudinal strain, eGFR; estimated glomerular filtration rate, UACR; urine albumin-creatinine ratio, RRI; renal resistive index, PP; pulse pressure, baPWV; brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, cfPWV; carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, IMT; imtima-media thickness, CAC; coronary artery calcium, ABI; ankle brachial pressure index, KWB; Keith-Wagener-Barker.

Figure 2.
Cardiovascular risk according to grade and stage of hypertension. Adapted from Mancia et al.[6] Fig. 4. HMOD; hypertension-mediated organ damage, CVD; cardiovascular disease, CKD; chronic kidney disease, BP; blood pressure, SBP; systolic blood pressure, DBP; diastolic blood pressure.

Figure 3.
Office blood pressure thresholds for initiating antihypertensive drug treatment. SBP; systolic blood pressure, DBP; diastolic blood pressure, CVD; cardiovascular disease, CAD; coronary artery disease, BP; blood pressure.

Figure 4.
Classes of antihypertensive drugs. Recommended combinations are indicated by the blue lines. ACEi; angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB; angiotensin II receptor blockers, CCB; calcium channel blockers, BB; beta blockers.

Figure 5.
Contraindications or precautions for antihypertensive drugs. Adapted from Mancia et al.[6] Table 15. ACEi; angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB; angiotensin II receptor blockers, DHP-CCB; dihydropyridine-calcium channel blockers, HFrEF; heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, AV; atrioventricular, LV; left ventricle, LVEF; left ventricular ejection fraction, CKD; chronic kidney disease, MRA; mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, eGFR; estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Table 1.
Definitions of hypertension
Table 2.
Definition of hypertension grades and stagess
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