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νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘μ—μ„œ 보행동결 및 λΉ„μš΄λ™μ¦μƒμ— λŒ€ν•œ 고주파 반볡적 κ²½λ‘κ°œμžκΈ°μžκ·Ή 연ꡬ

High Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Freezing of Gait and Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease

Eungseok Oh, MD, PhDa,b, Sangmin Park, MDa, Junggeol Lim, MDa, Ae Young Lee, MD, PhDa,b, Soo-Kyung Bok, MD, PhDc, Hee-Jung Song, MD, PhDa,b

νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘μ—μ„œ 보행동결 및 λΉ„μš΄λ™μ¦μƒμ— λŒ€ν•œ 고주파 반볡적 κ²½λ‘κ°œμžκΈ°μžκ·Ή 연ꡬ

μ˜€μ‘μ„a,b, 박상민a, μž„μ€‘κ±Έa, μ΄μ• μ˜a,b, 볡수경c, 솑희정a,b
Received September 18, 2015; Β  Β  Β  Revised September 24, 2015; Β  Β  Β  Accepted September 24, 2015;
ABSTRACT
Background:
To investigate the effect of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on motor symptoms especially freezing of gait (FoG), and nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson disease (PD).
Methods:
In this randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study, fifteen PD patients were enrolled. For 10 days, 5 Hz, both motor cortices and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) were stimulated. The motor symptoms and FoG were evaluated by the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part III, FoG questionnaire (FoG-Q), variable parameters of FoG, and kinematic gait analysis. Nonmotor symptoms were evaluated by the Korean version of non-Motor Symptoms Scale (K-NMSS), 39-item Parkinson disease questionnaire (K-PDQ39), Mini-Mental Status examination (K-MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (K-MoCA), and Frontal assessment battery (FAB).
Results:
Finally, 12 patients (real:8, sham:4) data were analyzed. FoG-Q and UPDRS part III were improved (p=0.002, 0.022) and variable parameters of FoG was improved after 10 days stimulation in real treatment group. In addition, their effects maintained until 6 weeks from the baseline. In nonmotor symptoms, K-NMSS and K-PDQ 39 were improved until 6 weeks in real treatment group (p=0.002, 0.002), however no changes were shown in cognitive function test.
Conclusions:
The high frequency rTMS was effective for FoG, in addition to motor and a few nonmotor symptoms in PD.
μ„œ λ‘ 
μ„œ λ‘ 
보행동결(freezing of gait, FoG)은 μ„œλ™μ¦, μ•ˆμ •μ‹œ λ–¨λ¦Ό, 경직 및 μžμ„ΈλΆˆμ•ˆμ •μ„ μ£Ό μ¦μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘μ—μ„œ ν™˜μžκ°€ κ°€μž₯ λΆˆνŽΈν•΄ν•˜λŠ” μš΄λ™μ¦μƒμ΄λ‹€. νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘ ν™˜μžλŠ” λ³΄ν–‰λ™κ²°λ‘œ 인해 자주 λ„˜μ–΄μ§€κ³  이둜 인해 골절의 μœ„ν—˜μ΄ 증가할 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—, 보행동결은 ν™˜μžμ˜ μΌμƒμƒν™œμ΄λ‚˜ μ‚Άμ˜ μ§ˆμ— 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ” μ£Ό μš”μΈμœΌλ‘œ μž‘μš©ν•œλ‹€[1]. λ³΄ν–‰λ™κ²°μ˜ λ³‘νƒœμƒλ¦¬λŠ” μ•„μ§κΉŒμ§€ ν™•μ‹€ν•˜κ²Œ λ°ν˜€μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 상황 및 μ—¬λŸ¬ μ§ˆν™˜μ—μ„œ κ΄€μ°°λ˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ©°, 보행을 μ‹œμž‘ν•  λ•Œ, λ°©ν–₯μ „ν™˜ 및 λͺ©μ μ§€λ‘œ 점점 λ‹€κ°€κ°ˆ λ•Œ 더 μ‹¬ν•΄μ§€λŠ” 양상을 보이며, νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘ 이외에도 ν˜ˆκ΄€μ„± νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨μ¦, μˆ˜λ‘μ¦, νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨μ¦ν›„κ΅° λ“±μ—μ„œλ„ λΉˆλ²ˆν•˜κ²Œ λ°œμƒν•œλ‹€[2,3]. νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘ ν™˜μžμ—κ²Œ 일반적으둜 μ²˜λ°©ν•˜λŠ” λ ˆλ³΄λ„νŒŒλŠ” 보행동결을 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” ν™˜μžμ—μ„œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 효과λ₯Ό 보인닀. 보행동결에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ μ•½λ¬ΌμΉ˜λ£Œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 양상은 크게 두 κ°€μ§€λ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ”λ° μ•½νš¨κ°€ 없을 λ•Œ 보행동결(off state FoG)을 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” κ²½μš°μ™€, μ•½νš¨κ°€ μžˆμ„ λ•Œμ—λ„ 보행동결(on state FoG)을 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” κ²½μš°κ°€ 있으며, μ „μžμ˜ 경우 μ•½λ¬ΌμΉ˜λ£Œμ— λŒ€ν•œ λ°˜μ‘μ΄ μžˆμœΌλ‚˜, ν›„μžμ˜ κ²½μš°λŠ” μ•½λ¬Ό μΉ˜λ£Œμ— λΆˆμ‘ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ 였히렀 더 μ•…ν™”λ˜λŠ” κ²½μš°κ°€ λ§Žλ‹€[4,5]. 이처럼 νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘μ—μ„œ 보행 및 μžμ„Έμ™€ μ—°κ΄€λœ λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ€ μ•½λ¬Ό μΉ˜λ£Œμ— λ°˜μ‘μ΄ μ—†λŠ” κ²½μš°κ°€ 많으며, λ‡Œμ‹¬λΆ€μžκ·Ήμˆ μ— μ˜ν•΄μ„œλ„ ν˜Έμ „μ΄ μ–΄λ ΅κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λΉ„μΉ¨μŠ΅μ  λ‡Œμžκ·Ή 방법에 λŒ€ν•΄ κ³ λ €ν•΄λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€[2,6]. 반볡적 κ²½λ‘κ°œμžκΈ°μžκ·Ήμ€ λΉ„μΉ¨μŠ΅μ μœΌλ‘œ λ‡Œλ₯Ό μžκ·Ήμ‹œν‚€λŠ” 방법이며, 직접 μžκ·Ήλ˜λŠ” λŒ€λ‡Œν”Όμ§ˆ ν˜Ήμ€ 자극 λΆ€μœ„μ™€ κ·Όμ ‘ν•œ λŒ€λ‡Œν”Όμ§ˆμ—μ„œλ„ μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€κ°„ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μœ λ°œμ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλ‹€[7,8]. 고주파자기자극으둜 λŒ€λ‡Œν”Όμ§ˆμ˜ ν™œλ™μ„±μ„ μ‘°μ ˆν•˜μ—¬ νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘μ—μ„œ κ΄€μ°°λ˜λŠ” λ°”λ‹₯ν•΅μ˜ κΈ°λŠ₯μž₯애에 μ˜ν•œ μš΄λ™μž₯μ• μ˜ ν˜Έμ „μ„ κΈ°λŒ€ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€[9,10]. 이전 μ—°κ΅¬λ“€μ—μ„œ, 5 Hz의 반볡적 κ²½λ‘κ°œ μžκΈ°μžκ·Ήμ„ 일차 μš΄λ™ ν”Όμ§ˆμ— μ£Όμ–΄ 선택 λ°˜μ‘μ‹œκ°„μ„ 쀄이고, μ„œλ™μ¦μ„ ν˜Έμ „μ‹œμΌ°μœΌλ©°[11], 25 Hz의 μžκ·Ήμ„ μš΄λ™ν”Όμ§ˆκ³Ό λ“±κ°€μͺ½ μ „μ „λ‘μ—½ν”Όμ§ˆμ— μ£Όμ–΄ 10 m 보행에 κ±Έλ¦¬λŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ„ μ€„μ΄λŠ” 효과λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€[12], 졜근 νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘μ— λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ μ€‘μž¬μ  μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€ λ„μž…λ˜κ³  μžˆμœΌλ‚˜, 반볡적 κ²½λ‘κ°œ 자기자극 자체의 치료효과 ν˜Ήμ€ 효과의 지속성에 λŒ€ν•œ λ…Όλž€μ΄ 아직 λ‚¨μ•„μžˆλ‹€[13,14]. 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ μ€ μ‹€μ œ μΉ˜λ£Œμ™€ κ±°μ§“μΉ˜λ£Œλ₯Ό 받은 ν™˜μžμ—μ„œ 보행동결과 ν•¨κ»˜ νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘μ˜ μš΄λ™μ¦μƒκ³Ό λΉ„μš΄λ™μ¦μƒμ— λŒ€ν•œ 고주파 κ²½λ‘κ°œμžκΈ°μžκ·Ήμ˜ 효과λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€.
λŒ€μƒκ³Ό 방법
λŒ€μƒκ³Ό 방법
1. λŒ€μƒ
1. λŒ€μƒ
2013λ…„ 6μ›”λΆ€ν„° 2014λ…„ 7μ›”κΉŒμ§€ μΆ©λ‚¨λŒ€ν•™κ΅λ³‘μ› μ΄μƒμš΄λ™μ§ˆν™˜ μ™Έλž˜λ₯Ό λ°©λ¬Έν•œ νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘ ν™˜μž 쀑 μ‹¬ν•œ 보행동결을 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” ν™˜μžλ“€μ„ μ„ μ •ν–ˆλ‹€. μ„ μ •κΈ°μ€€μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 1) Queen Square brain bankμ—μ„œ μ œμ‹œν•œ νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘ 진단기쀀에 ν•©λ‹Ήν•˜κ³ , 2) 6κ°œμ›” 이상 νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ•½λ¬Ό 치료λ₯Ό ν•œ ν™˜μž 쀑 μ΅œμ„ μ˜ μ•½λ¬ΌμΉ˜λ£Œμ—λ„ 보행동결이 ν˜Έμ „λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” ν™˜μž, 3) λ ˆλ³΄λ„νŒŒ λ“±κ°€μ •λŸ‰ (levodopa equivalent dose)이 졜근 4μ£Ό 내에 λ³€ν™”κ°€ μ—†μ—ˆλ˜ ν™˜μž, 4) 20μ„Έ 이상이며 ν˜Έμ—”μ•Όλ‹¨κ³„(Hoehn and Yahr stage) 2-4의 ν™˜μž, 5) 보행에 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μ•½λ¬Όλ“€μ˜ 볡용이 μ—†λŠ” ν™˜μžλ“€μ„ ν¬ν•¨ν–ˆλ‹€. μ œμ™ΈκΈ°μ€€μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 1) ν•œκ΅­ν˜• κ°„μ΄μ •μ‹ μƒνƒœκ²€μ‚¬(Korean version of Mini-Mental Status Examination score, K-MMSE) μ μˆ˜κ°€ 18점 μ΄ν•˜λ‘œ μ‹¬ν•œ 인지μž₯μ• κ°€ μžˆλŠ” ν™˜μž, 2) κ²½λ‘κ°œμžκΈ°μžκ·Ή 치료의 κΈˆκΈ°μ— ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” κΈˆμ† 물질(λ‡Œμ‹¬λΆ€μžκ·Ήμ „κ·Ή, λ‡Œλ™λ§₯λ₯˜ 클립, 심μž₯ λ§₯λ°• μ‘°μ •μž₯치)이 체내에 μžˆλŠ” 경우, λ‡Œμ „μ¦, λ§Œμ„±λ‘ν†΅, λ‘κ°œκ³¨μ ˆ 등이 μžˆλŠ” ν™˜μž, 3) 이전에 κ²½λ‘κ°œμžκΈ°μžκ·Ή 치료λ₯Ό 받은 κΈ°μ™•λ ₯이 μžˆλŠ” ν™˜μž, 4) λ‡ŒμžκΈ°κ³΅λͺ…μ˜μƒμ—μ„œ λΉ„μ „ν˜• νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘ ν˜Ήμ€ ν˜ˆκ΄€μ„± νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨μ¦μ„ μ˜μ‹¬ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” ν™˜μž, 5) μ‹ κ²½κ·Όμœ‘μ§ˆν™˜, κ΄€μ ˆμ˜ μ΄μƒμœΌλ‘œ 보행μž₯μ• λ₯Ό λ³΄μ΄λŠ” ν™˜μž, 6) κ°‘μžκΈ° μ•½νš¨κ°€ λ–¨μ–΄μ§€κ±°λ‚˜, 이상성 μš΄λ™μ΄μƒμ¦κ³Ό 같이 μ‹¬ν•œ μš΄λ™λ™μš”μ¦μƒμ„ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 경우, 7) 졜근 4μ£Ό 이내에 λ‹€λ₯Έ μž„μƒμ‹œν—˜μ— μ°Έμ—¬ν•œ κΈ°μ™•λ ₯이 μžˆλŠ” ν™˜μžλŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ μ œμ™Έν–ˆλ‹€.
2. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 승인, ν™˜μž λ™μ˜
2. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 승인, ν™˜μž λ™μ˜
이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μΆ©λ‚¨λŒ€ν•™κ΅λ³‘μ› μž„μƒμ‹œν—˜μ—°κ΅¬μ„Όν„°μ˜ μŠΉμΈμ„ λ°›μ•˜μœΌλ©° ν—¬μ‹±ν‚€ 선언을 μ€€μˆ˜ν•˜μ—¬ μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 자발적으둜 연ꡬ 참여에 λ™μ˜ν•˜λŠ” ν™˜μžμ—κ²Œ 직접 λ™μ˜μ„œμ— 사인을 λ°›κ³  연ꡬλ₯Ό μˆ˜ν–‰ν–ˆλ‹€.
3. 연ꡬ 섀계
3. 연ꡬ 섀계
이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ „ν–₯적, λ¬΄μž‘μœ„, 이쀑맹검, κ±°μ§“-λŒ€μ‘°(1:2) μ—°κ΅¬λ‘œ μ§„ν–‰ν–ˆλ‹€. λͺ¨λ“  ν™˜μžλŠ” λ¬΄μž‘μœ„ 숫자λ₯Ό λΆ€μ—¬ λ°›μ•˜μœΌλ©° ν™˜μžμ˜ 정보λ₯Ό λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” 자기자극 μΉ˜λ£Œμžκ°€ 연ꡬ μ’…λ£Œ μ‹œμ κΉŒμ§€ μžκ·Ήμ„ μ£Όμ—ˆλ‹€. κ²½λ‘κ°œμžκΈ°μžκ·Ήμ€ λ ˆλ³΄λ„νŒŒλ₯Ό λ³΅μš©ν•œ ν›„ 1-2μ‹œκ°„ 사이에 μ•½νš¨κ°€ μžˆλŠ” μƒνƒœ(on state)μ—μ„œ μˆ˜ν–‰ν–ˆμœΌλ©°, 10일간 μ—°μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‹œν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λͺ¨λ“  ν™˜μžλŠ” μž…μ›ν•˜μ—¬ μ•½ μš©λŸ‰ 및 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λ³€ν™”κ°€ 없도둝 μ—°κ΅¬μžκ°€ κ΄€λ¦¬ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , 반볡적 κ²½λ‘κ°œμžκΈ°μžκ·ΉμΉ˜λ£Œ ν›„ λ°”λ‘œ 30λΆ„ λ™μ•ˆ 보호자 및 간병인과 ν•¨κ»˜ λ³΄ν–‰μž¬ν™œμ„ ν•˜λ„λ‘ μ΅œλŒ€ν•œ λ…Έλ ₯ν–ˆλ‹€. κ²°κ³Ό λΉ„κ΅λŠ” 자기자극치료 μ „(T0D)κ³Ό 10μΌκ°„μ˜ 자기자극 치료 ν›„(T10D), 그리고 자기자극치료 μ „λΆ€ν„° 6μ£Ό ν›„(T6W)에 각각 μ‹œν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.
4. κ²½λ‘κ°œ 자기자극 κ³„νš
4. κ²½λ‘κ°œ 자기자극 κ³„νš
μžκ·ΉλΆ€μœ„λŠ” μ„Έ 곳을 ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, 닀리에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” μ–‘μΈ‘ μš΄λ™ν”Όμ§ˆμ€ 맀일 μžκ·Ήν•˜μ˜€κ³ , λ“±κ°€μͺ½ μ „μ „λ‘μ—½ν”Όμ§ˆμ€ ν•˜λ£¨μ— ν•œκ΅°λ° μ”© 양츑을 λ²ˆκ°ˆμ•„ μžκ·Ήν–ˆλ‹€. 닀리에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” μš΄λ™ν”Όμ§ˆμ€ λ‡Œμ˜ 정쀑앙에 μœ„μΉ˜ν•˜μ—¬ μ΄ˆμ μ„ μž‘κΈ°κ°€ μ–΄λ €μ› κ³ , 3D T1 λ‡ŒμžκΈ°κ³΅λͺ…μ˜μƒμ„ 촬영 ν›„ μž¬κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜μ—¬ Brainsightβ„’ μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ κ°€μž₯ μ μ ˆν•œ λΆ€μœ„λ₯Ό μ„ νƒν•˜μ—¬ μžκ·Ήν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μš°μ„  ν™˜μžμ˜ 3D T1 λ‡ŒμžκΈ°κ³΅λͺ…μ˜μƒ νŒŒμΌμ„ μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄μ— κ΅¬λ™μ‹œμΌœ 3차원적인 λ‡Œκ΅¬μ‘°λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“  ν›„, λ„€λΉ„κ²Œμ΄μ…˜ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ 톡해 ν™˜μžμ˜ μ½” 끝, λ―Έκ°„ 사이(nasion), μ–‘μΈ‘ 이주(tragus)λ₯Ό μ„ νƒν•˜μ—¬ 해뢀학적인 μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ„œλ‘œ λ§žμ·„λ‹€. μžκ·Ήν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ„ μ •ν•  λ•Œ λͺ¨λ‹ˆν„°μƒμ—μ„œ κ΅¬ν˜„λœ 3차원적 λ‡Œ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ³΄λ©΄μ„œ μ½”μΌμ˜ μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό 움직이며, μ‹€μ‹œκ°„μœΌλ‘œ λ³€ν•˜λŠ” X, Y, ZμΆ•μ˜ μ’Œν‘œ, ꢀ적(trajectory)을 Talairach μ’Œν‘œμ™€ λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ—¬ 초점 μ’Œν‘œλ₯Ό μ •ν•˜μ—¬ μžκ·Ήν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 자극의 λΉˆλ„λŠ” 5 Hz둜 자극의 κ°•λ„λŠ” νœ΄μ‹μš΄λ™μ—­μΉ˜μ˜ 110%둜 μ μš©ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , νœ΄μ‹μš΄λ™μ—­μΉ˜μ˜ μ •μ˜λŠ” μ „κ²½κ³¨κ·Όμœ‘μ—μ„œ μ—°μ†λœ 10회의 μš΄λ™μœ λ°œμ „μœ„λ₯Ό μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μ—°μ†λœ 10회의 자극 쀑 5회 μ΄μƒμ—μ„œ 50 Β΅V의 진폭을 μ–»μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” μ΅œμ†Œν•œμ˜ 자극 κ°•λ„λ‘œ μ •μ˜ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λͺ¨λ“  ν™˜μžμ—μ„œ μ—­μΉ˜μ™€ μš΄λ™μœ λ°œμ „μœ„μ˜ 강도 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ΅œμ†Œν™”ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ λˆˆμ„ 감고 μ˜μžμ— νŽΈν•˜κ²Œ 앉아 μžˆλŠ” μƒνƒœμ—μ„œ μ΅œλŒ€ν•œ νŽΈν•œ μžμ„Έλ₯Ό μœ μ§€ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν–ˆλ‹€. μš΄λ™μœ λ°œμ „μœ„λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ 근전도 ν™œμ„±μ„ μΈ‘μ •ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , μžκ·ΉκΈ°κ°„μ€ 10초, 자극과 자극 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 간격은 5초둜 ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 총 ν•˜λ£¨μ— 1200회, μ„Έ λΆ€μœ„λ₯Ό μžκ·Ήν•˜μ˜€κ³ , 10일 λ™μ•ˆ μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ λ™μΌν•œ μ‹œκ°„λŒ€μ— μžκ·Ήν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ±°μ§“ 자극 κ·Έλ£Ήμ—μ„œλŠ” λ‘κ°œμ˜ 코일을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν•œ 개의 코일은 μžκ·ΉκΈ°μ— μ—°κ²°ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  μžκ·Ήν•˜λ €λŠ” 두피에 μœ„μΉ˜μ‹œν‚€κ³ , λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ 코일은 μ „ 코일 μœ„μ— 180도 κ°λ„λ‘œ λŒλ €μ„œ μœ„μΉ˜μ‹œμΌ°λ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ ν™˜μžλŠ” κ±°μ§“ 코일이 μžκ·ΉλΆ€μœ„μ— λ‹Ώμ•„ μžˆλŠ” μƒνƒœμ—μ„œ μžκ·ΉκΈ°κ°„ λ™μ•ˆ λ™μΌν•œ μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό 듀을 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. μžκ·ΉκΈ°λŠ” Magstim stimulator (Magstim Rapid 2 V11.0; The Magstim Co. Ltd., Dyfed, UK)λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€κ³  코일은 이상성 μ „λ₯˜λ₯Ό 얻을 수 μžˆλŠ” 8자 코일을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.
5. μž„μƒμ  평가와 λ³€μˆ˜μ˜ 뢄석
5. μž„μƒμ  평가와 λ³€μˆ˜μ˜ 뢄석
보행과 κ΄€λ ¨λœ λ³€μˆ˜λŠ” λ™μΌν•œ ν‰κ°€μžκ°€ μΈ‘μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ³€μˆ˜μ˜ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” 반볡적으둜 6회 μ‹œν–‰ ν›„ 평균값을 μ„ νƒν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 보행에 κ΄€λ ¨λœ μΈ‘μ • λ³€μˆ˜λŠ” 맀일 λ™μΌν•œ μž₯μ†Œ, μ‹œκ°μ  큐가 μ—†λŠ” μƒν™©μ—μ„œ λ™μΌν•œ μ‹œκ°„μ— μ‹œν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 보행동결에 λŒ€ν•œ μΈ‘μ • λ³€μˆ˜μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ•„λž˜μ™€ 같이 μ •μ˜ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.
- 총 10 m κ±·λŠ” 데 κ±Έλ¦¬λŠ” μ‹œκ°„(T10 m): 10 mλ₯Ό κ±·λŠ”λ° κ±Έλ¦¬λŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ„ 총 6번 반볡 μΈ‘μ •ν•œ 평균값
- λ°©ν–₯μ „ν™˜ μ‹œ κ±Έλ¦¬λŠ” μ‹œκ°„(TT): 180도 λ°©ν–₯을 λ°”κΎΈλŠ” λ™μ•ˆ κ±Έλ¦¬λŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ„ 총 6번 반볡 μΈ‘μ •ν•œ 평균값
- 총 10 m κ±·λŠ”λ° μ‚¬μš©λœ 보행 수(N10 m): 10 mλ₯Ό κ±·λŠ”λ° κ±Έλ¦° 보행 수λ₯Ό 총 6번 반볡 μΈ‘μ •ν•œ 평균값
- λ°©ν–₯μ „ν™˜ μ‹œ μ‚¬μš©λœ 보행 수(NT): 180도 λ°©ν–₯을 λ°”κΎΈλŠ” λ™μ•ˆ κ±Έλ¦° 보행 수λ₯Ό 총 6번 반볡 μΈ‘μ •ν•œ 평균값
λ˜ν•œ, κ²½λ‘κ°œμžκΈ°μžκ·Ή μ „ ν›„λ‘œ Unified Parkinson disease rating scale (UPDRS)을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μš΄λ™μ¦μƒμ„ ν‰κ°€ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , 보행동결 μ„€λ¬Έμ§€ (FoG questionnaire, FoG-Q)λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 주관적인 보행동결 정도λ₯Ό, 동적보행뢄석(kinematic gait analysis)을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 객관적인 보행동결 차이λ₯Ό λΉ„κ΅ν–ˆλ‹€. 동적보행뢄석을 μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 15개의 λ°œκ΄‘ 마컀λ₯Ό 골반, μ–‘μͺ½ 무릎과 발λͺ©μ— 뢙이고 12개의 MX-T20 μΉ΄λ©”λΌλ‘œ 보행뢄석 λ™μ•ˆ 마컀의 μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό 3μ°¨μ›μ μœΌλ‘œ λͺ¨λ‹ˆν„° ν–ˆλ‹€. λ™μ λ³΄ν–‰λΆ„μ„μœΌλ‘œ 보쑰(cadence), λ³΄ν­μ‹œκ°„(stride time), κ±ΈμŒμ‹œκ°„(step time), μ‹œμž‘μ‹œκ°„(initiation time), 걸음길이(step length), 보폭길이(stride length), 속도(velocity), double support time, single support time, limp index, κ΄€μ ˆμš΄λ™λ²”μœ„(range of articular motion) 등을 λΆ„μ„ν–ˆλ‹€(Vicon MX-GIGANET, Vicon motion system Ltd. UK). λ™μ‹œμ— 인지기λŠ₯을 ν¬ν•¨ν•œ λΉ„μš΄λ™μ¦μƒλ“€μ„ μΈ‘μ •ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , ν•œκ΅­κ°„μ΄μ •μ‹ μƒνƒœκ²€μ‚¬(K-MMSE), Mini-Mental state (3MS) test, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (K-MoCA), Frontal assessment battery (FAB), 39-item Parkinson disease questionnaire (K-PDQ39) 및 Non-Motor Symptom Scale (K-NMSS)을 μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆλ‹€. λΉ„μš΄λ™μ¦μƒμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ„€λ¬Έμ§€λŠ” 이전에 μ‹€μ¦λœ ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ 버전을 μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆλ‹€[15].
6. 톡계 뢄석
6. 톡계 뢄석
λ³΄ν–‰κ΄€λ ¨λ³€μˆ˜ 및 FoG-Q, UPDRS, 동적보행 λΆ„μ„μžλ£Œ, λΉ„μš΄λ™μ¦μƒμ€ κ²½λ‘κ°œ 자기자극 μ „ν›„(T0D-T10D)둜 Wilcoxon’s signed rank test둜 λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. T0D-T6WκΉŒμ§€μ˜ 일련의 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ³€μˆ˜λ“€μ˜ λ³€ν™”λŠ” repeated measure ANOVA둜 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ·Έλ£Ή λ‚΄μ—μ„œ 동적보행 λΆ„μ„μžλ£Œ, UPDRS part III 점수의 λ³€ν™”λŠ” Mann-Whitney testλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ‚˜μ΄, λ³΄ν–‰μ†λ„μ˜ λ³€ν™”, UPDRS part III 점수, PDQ-39λŠ” Spearman’s testλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν†΅κ³„λΆ„μ„μ—λŠ” SPSS Ver 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA)을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , p-valueλŠ” 0.05 λ―Έλ§Œμ„ 톡계적 μœ μ˜μ„±μ΄ 있음으둜 μ •μ˜ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.
κ²° κ³Ό
κ²° κ³Ό
총 15λͺ…μ˜ ν™˜μžκ°€ λ“±λ‘λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ‹€μ œμžκ·Ήκ·Έλ£Ήμ—λŠ” 두 λͺ…μ˜ ν™˜μžκ°€ ν”„λ‘œν† μ½œ μœ„λ°˜μœΌλ‘œ νƒˆλ½λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. ν•œ ν™˜μžλŠ” 6μ£Όμ°¨ 좔적쑰사에 λ‚˜μ˜€μ§€ μ•Šμ•„μ„œ 10일 자극 ν›„μ˜ 결과만 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ±°μ§“μΉ˜λ£Œ κ·Έλ£Ήμ—μ„œ ν•œ λͺ…은 자기자극치료의 λΆˆλΆ„λͺ…ν•œ 효과둜 인해 쀑도 ν¬κΈ°ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΅œμ’… 뢄석은 총 12λͺ…μ˜ ν™˜μž 데이터λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€(Fig. 1). κ²½λ‘κ°œ 자기자극 치료λ₯Ό ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ 그리고 좔적쑰사 κΈ°κ°„μ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ λΆ€μž‘μš©λ„ λ°œκ²¬λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. 평균 UPDRS part I, II, III 그리고 총점은 κ±°μ§“μΉ˜λ£Œκ·Έλ£Ήμ—μ„œ μ•½κ°„ λ†’μ•˜μœΌλ‚˜ 톡계적인 μ°¨μ΄λŠ” μ—†μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, 두 κ΅°μ—μ„œ λ‹€λ₯Έ κΈ°λ³Έ νŠΉμ„±λ“€μ€ λ™μΌν–ˆλ‹€(Table 1).
1. 보행동결, 보행동결 μ„€λ¬Έμ§€, μš΄λ™μ¦μƒμ˜ 뢄석
1. 보행동결, 보행동결 μ„€λ¬Έμ§€, μš΄λ™μ¦μƒμ˜ 뢄석
μ‹€μ œμžκ·Ήκ·Έλ£Ήμ—μ„œ T10m, velocity, N10m, NT, FoG-Q 및 UPDRS-part III μ μˆ˜λŠ” 10일간 반볡적 κ²½λ‘κ°œμžκΈ°μžκ·Ήμ„ μ‹œν–‰ν•œ ν›„ μœ μ˜ν•˜κ²Œ ν˜Έμ „λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€(p=0.030, 0.004, 0.027, 0.005, 0.002, 0.022). λ˜ν•œ velocity, NT, FoG-Q 및 UPDRS-part III μ μˆ˜λŠ” 6μ£ΌκΉŒμ§€ ν˜Έμ „λœ μƒνƒœλ‘œ μœ μ§€λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€(p=0.001, 0.046, 0.000, 0.002). κ±°μ§“μžκ·Ήκ·Έλ£Ήμ—μ„œλŠ” 연ꡬ μ „ ν›„λ‘œ ν˜Έμ „λœ λ³€μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€. 두 κ·Έλ£Ήκ°„ 뢄석에선 T10m, velocity, N10m, NT, FoG-Q 및 UPDRS-part III μ μˆ˜μ—μ„œ μœ μ˜ν•œ 차이λ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€(p=0.039, 0.007, 0.015, <0.001, 0.034, 0.004) (Table 2). λ˜ν•œ 10일간이 자극이 λλ‚œ μ‹œμ (T10D)μ—μ„œ UPDRS-part III 쀑 상지(upper limb), μš΄λ™λΆˆλŠ₯(akinesia)μ μˆ˜κ°€ μœ μ˜ν•˜κ²Œ ν˜Έμ „λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€(p=0.004, 0.016). 그리고 상지, ν•˜μ§€(lower limb), μΆ•μ„±(axial), 경직(rigidity) 그리고 μš΄λ™λΆˆλŠ₯점수 λ˜ν•œ 6μ£Ό ν›„ 좔적 쑰사 μ‹œμ (T6W)μ—μ„œλ„ 톡계적인 μœ μ˜μ„±μ„ λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€(p=0.008, 0.008, 0.048, 0.016, 0.016) (Table 5).
2. λΉ„μš΄λ™μ¦μƒμ˜ 뢄석
2. λΉ„μš΄λ™μ¦μƒμ˜ 뢄석
λΉ„μš΄λ™μ¦μƒμ€ K-NMSS와 K-PDQ39둜 μΈ‘μ •ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , μ‹€μ œμžκ·Ήκ·Έλ£Ήμ—μ„œ 자극 ν›„ 10일 된 μ‹œμ (T10D)μ—μ„œ μœ μ˜ν•˜κ²Œ ν˜Έμ „λ˜μ—ˆκ³ (p=0.025, 0.017), 6μ£Ό ν›„ 좔적쑰사 μ‹œμ (T6W)μ—μ„œλ„(p=0.002, 0.002) ν˜Έμ „μ„ λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ K-MoCA, FAB μ μˆ˜μ—μ„œλŠ” 자극 μ „ ν›„λ‘œ 차이가 μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€. κ±°μ§“μžκ·Ήκ·Έλ£Ήμ—μ„œλŠ” 자극 μ „ ν›„λ‘œ λΉ„μš΄λ™μ¦μƒμ— μ°¨μ΄λŠ” μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€. 두 κ·Έλ£Ή κ°„μ—μ„œ K-NMSS와 K-PDQ39λ₯Ό λΉ„κ΅ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ 톡계적 μœ μ˜μ„±μ΄ κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€(p=0.006, 0.010) (Table 3).
3. 동적보행뢄석
3. 동적보행뢄석
μš΄λ™λΆ„μ„μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•œ 자기자극 μ „ν›„(T0D-T10D)μ—μ„œ 보행뢄석은 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μžκ·Ήν•œ κ·Έλ£Ήμ—μ„œ λ³΄ν–‰μ‹œμž‘μ‹œκ°„(gait initiation time)의 ν˜Έμ „(p=0.012)을 λ³΄μ˜€μœΌλ‚˜, λ‹€λ₯Έ 보행에 κ΄€λ ¨λœ λ³€μˆ˜λ“€μ€ μœ μ˜ν•œ ν˜Έμ „μ€ κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. κ±°μ§“μžκ·Ήκ·Έλ£Ήμ—μ„  λ³΄ν–‰μ‹œμž‘μ‹œκ°„, λ³΄ν­μ‹œκ°„μ—μ„œ λ―Έλ―Έν•œ ν˜Έμ „μ΄ κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ‚˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ 보행뢄석 λ³€μˆ˜λ“€μ—μ„  λͺ¨λ‘ λ³€ν™”κ°€ μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€. 두 κ·Έλ£Ή 사이에선 보쑰(cadence), λ³΄ν­μ‹œκ°„(stride time), κ±ΈμŒμ‹œκ°„(step time)μ—μ„œ μœ μ˜ν•œ 차이λ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€(p=0.028, 0.048, 0.028) (Table 4). κ΄€μ ˆ μ›€μ§μž„μ˜ μ •λ„λŠ” 자극 후에 쑰금 더 정상 λ²”μœ„λ‘œ κ°€κΉŒμ›Œμ§€λŠ” κ²½ν–₯을 λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€(Fig. 2).
4. 보행동결 μ„€λ¬Έμ§€μ˜ λ³€ν™”λŸ‰κ³Ό λ‹€λ₯Έ λ³€μˆ˜λ“€μ˜ 관계 뢄석
4. 보행동결 μ„€λ¬Έμ§€μ˜ λ³€ν™”λŸ‰κ³Ό λ‹€λ₯Έ λ³€μˆ˜λ“€μ˜ 관계 뢄석
FoG-Q의 λ³€ν™”λŸ‰κ³Ό Velocity의 λ³€ν™”λŸ‰ 사이에선 λ³΄ν†΅μ˜ 상관관계λ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€κ³ (r=0.431), FoG-Q의 λ³€ν™”λŸ‰κ³Ό K-PDQ39의 λ³€ν™”λŸ‰(r=0.462) 및 FoG-Q의 λ³€ν™”λŸ‰κ³Ό UPDRS part III의 λ³€ν™”λŸ‰μ—μ„œλ„ λ³΄ν†΅μ˜ 상관 관계(r=0.462 r=0.603)λ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. FoG-Qμ μˆ˜λŠ” νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘ ν™˜μžμ˜ λ‚˜μ΄μ™€ κ°•ν•œ μ—­μ˜ 상관관계λ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€(r=-0.716) (Fig. 3).
κ³  μ°°
κ³  μ°°
이 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 5Hz의 반볡적 κ²½λ‘κ°œμžκΈ°μžκ·Ήμ„ 닀리에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” μ–‘μΈ‘ μš΄λ™ν”Όμ§ˆμ— 맀일, 그리고 λ“±κ°€μͺ½ μ „μ „λ‘μ—½ν”Όμ§ˆμ— ν•˜λ£¨μ”© λ²ˆκ°ˆμ•„μ„œ ν•œ 번 10일 λ™μ•ˆ μžκ·Ήν•˜μ˜€μ„ λ•Œ, νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘ ν™˜μžμ˜ 보행동결증상이 10일 자극 ν›„, 6μ£Ό ν›„ 좔적 쑰사 μ‹œμ μ—μ„œ μœ μ˜ν•˜κ²Œ ν˜Έμ „λ¨μ„ κ΄€μ°°ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ UPDRS part III와, 인지기λŠ₯을 μ œμ™Έν•œ λΉ„μš΄λ™μ¦μƒ μ μˆ˜λ„ ν˜Έμ „λ¨μ„ κ΄€μ°°ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이전 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μ†Œμˆ˜μ—μ„œλ§Œ νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘μ— λŒ€ν•œ 반볡적 κ²½λ‘κ°œμžκΈ°μžκ·Ή 치료의 보행동결에 λŒ€ν•œ 객관적인 변화와 주관적인 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό ν•¨κ»˜ λΆ„μ„ν–ˆλ‹€[13,16]. 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 보행동결과 μ—°κ΄€λœ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ³€μˆ˜λ“€ 및 FoG-Q에 λŒ€ν•œ 주관적인 변화와 동적보행뢄석을 ν™œμš©ν•œ 객관적인 검사λ₯Ό 같이 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, κ²½λ‘κ°œμžκΈ°μžκ·Ή νš¨κ³Όμ— λŒ€ν•΄ 6μ£ΌκΉŒμ§€ 좔적 μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이전 μ—°κ΅¬λ“€μ—μ„œ νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘ ν™˜μžλ“€μ˜ 보행을 동적보행뢄석 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€μ„λ•Œ cadence, stride length, walking speed, ratio of single support/double supportλŠ” 정상인에 λΉ„ν•΄ κ°μ†Œλ˜μ—ˆκ³ , λ°˜λ©΄μ— double support timeκ³Ό stride time은 μ¦κ°€λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€[17]. λ˜ν•œ 발λͺ©κ³Ό κ³ κ΄€μ ˆμ΄ μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ” κ°λ„μ˜ λ²”μœ„κ°€ κ°μ†Œλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  λ³΄κ³ ν–ˆλ‹€[18]. 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλ„ κ²½λ‘κ°œμžκΈ°μžκ·Ή μ „ λ™μ λ³΄ν–‰λΆ„μ„μ—μ„œ κ³ κ΄€μ ˆκ³Ό 무릎 및 발λͺ© μ›€μ§μž„μ˜ 각도 λ²”μœ„λŠ” 정상인에 λΉ„ν•΄ κ°μ†Œλ˜μ–΄ 이전 연ꡬ와 λ™μΌν•œ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. Arias λ“±μ˜ 연ꡬ에 μ˜ν•˜λ©΄, 10일 λ™μ•ˆ 1 Hz둜 μ •μˆ˜λ¦¬λ₯Ό μžκ·Ήν•œ 경우 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μžκ·Ήν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ κ±°μ§“ μžκ·Ήμ„ ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ cadence, velocity 및 stride timeμ—λŠ” 차이가 μ—†μŒμ„ λ³΄κ³ ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€[19]. 우리 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Όκ°€ μ„ ν–‰ 연ꡬ와 차이λ₯Ό λ³΄μ΄λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ” 자극 ν”„λ‘œν† μ½œμ˜ 차이에 μžˆλ‹€. 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μ‚¬μš©ν•œ 고주파(5Hz) μžκ·Ήμ€ μ €μ£ΌνŒŒ(1Hz)μ™€λŠ” 달리 λŒ€λ‡Œ ν”Όμ§ˆμ˜ ν₯뢄성을 μ¦κ°€μ‹œν‚€λŠ”λ° μœ μš©ν•˜λ©°, 8자 코일 μ—­μ‹œ μ›ν˜• 코일에 λΉ„ν•΄ 자극 λΆ€μœ„λ₯Ό 더 정확이 μžκ·Ήν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μž₯점이 μžˆλ‹€[7,20]. λ˜ν•œ 3D T1 λ‡ŒμžκΈ°κ³΅λͺ…μ˜μƒμ„ μž¬κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜μ—¬ Brainsightβ„’ μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄λ‘œ λ§€ν•‘ν•˜μ—¬ μ •ν™•ν•œ μžκ·ΉλΆ€μœ„λ₯Ό μ„ νƒν•œ 점도 자극의 정확도λ₯Ό 올릴 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ 이유둜 μƒκ°λœλ‹€. 반볡적 μžκΈ°μžκ·Ήμ„ 10일 μ‹œν–‰ν•œ ν›„, 그리고 6μ£Ό λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€ μ‹€μ œμžκ·Ήκ·Έλ£Ήμ—μ„œλ§Œ 보행관련 λ³€μˆ˜λ“€κ³Ό FoG-Q, UPDRS part IIIκ°€ ν˜Έμ „λœ 것은 반볡적 자기자극의 μœ„μ•½ νš¨κ³ΌλΌκΈ°λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” 직접적인 효과λ₯Ό μ‹œμ‚¬ν•˜λ©°, λˆ„μ  νš¨κ³Όλ„ μ‘΄μž¬ν•¨μ„ μ•Œ 수 μžˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 적은 μΈμ›μˆ˜μ˜ ν™˜μžλ“€λ‘œ μΈν•˜μ—¬ 두 κ·Έλ£Ήκ°„μ˜ κ²°κ³Ό 해석에 주의λ₯Ό ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°λœλ‹€. 졜근 μ—°κ΅¬λ“€μ—μ„œ, ν˜ˆκ΄€μ„± νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨μ¦ ν™˜μžλ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν•œ 반볡적 κ²½λ‘κ°œ 자기자극 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ 5 Hz둜 5일간 μžκ·Ήν•œ ν›„ 10 m 보행에 κ±Έλ¦¬λŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 4μ£Όλ™μ•ˆ ν˜Έμ „λ¨μ„ λ³΄κ³ ν–ˆκ³ [21], νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘ ν™˜μžμ—μ„œ 25 Hz둜 8회기, 4μ£Όλ™μ•ˆ μžκ·Ήν•œ ν›„ 10 m 보행에 κ±Έλ¦¬λŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ΄ ν˜Έμ „λ˜μ—ˆκ³ [22], 5 Hz둜 10일간 μžκ·Ήν•œ ν›„ ν•œ λ‹¬κΉŒμ§€ 보행속도가 ν˜Έμ „λ¨μ„ λ³΄κ³ ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€[10]. 이번 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλ„ 보행동결 κ΄€λ ¨ λ³€μˆ˜λ“€κ³Ό FoG-Q, UPDRS Part III μ μˆ˜κ°€ 6μ£ΌκΉŒμ§€ ν˜Έμ „λœ μƒνƒœλ₯Ό μœ μ§€ν–ˆλŠ”λ° μ΄λŠ” κ²½λ‘κ°œ 자기자극의 μž₯κΈ° 증강 효과(long term potentiation, LTP)와 관련될 κ°€λŠ₯성이 μžˆλ‹€. μ΅œκ·Όμ— λ™λ¬Όμ‹€ν—˜μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ 반볡적 κ²½λ‘κ°œμžκΈ°μžκ·ΉμœΌλ‘œ 인해 N-methyl-D-aspartate 수용체(NMDA-R)의 상ν–₯ μ‘°μ • 및 brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ 증가함을 λ³΄κ³ ν–ˆλ‹€[23,24]. 이런 μ‹ κ²½μ˜μ–‘μΈμžλ“€μ€ μž₯κΈ° 증강 효과λ₯Ό μ‘°μ ˆν•˜λŠ”λ° μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ²Œ μž‘μš©ν•˜λ©°, ν”Όμ§ˆ ν₯λΆ„μ„±κ³Ό μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€μ˜ μ—°κ²°μ„± 쑰절과 연관돼 있음이 λ³΄κ³ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ 이번 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ 보행동결 κ΄€λ ¨ λ³€μˆ˜λ“€μ΄ μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ ν˜Έμ „λœ μƒνƒœλ₯Ό μœ μ§€ν–ˆλ˜ μ΄μœ λŠ” μœ„μ™€ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ λ§₯λ½μ—μ„œ 생각해 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ„ 것이닀. λ˜ν•œ 반볡적 κ²½λ‘κ°œ 자기자극 ν›„ λ°”λ‘œ λ³΄ν–‰μ—°μŠ΅μ„ μ‹œν‚¨ 점은 μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€κ°„μ˜ λ³€ν™” 후에 μš΄λ™ ν•™μŠ΅μ„ ν†΅ν•œ μ‹ κ²½ ν™œλ™μ˜ κ°•ν™”λ₯Ό μœ λ°œν–ˆμ„ κ°€λŠ₯성도 κ³ λ €ν•΄ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€[25,26]. 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μžκ·Ήμ€ 약물에 λŒ€ν•œ νš¨κ³Όκ°€ κ°€μž₯ 쒋은 μƒνƒœ(λ ˆλ³΄λ„νŒŒ 볡용 ν›„ 1-2μ‹œκ°„ 사이)μ—μ„œ μ‹œν–‰ν–ˆλ‹€. κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ” λ„νŒŒλ―Όμ΄ μš΄λ™ ν”Όμ§ˆμ—μ„œ ν”Όμ§ˆ κ°€μ†Œμ„±μ„ μ¦κ°€μ‹œμΌœ ν”Όμ§ˆ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ‘œμ˜ ν₯λΆ„μ„± μž…λ ₯을 쒀더 μš©μ΄ν•˜κ²Œ 받아듀이도둝 λ§Œλ“€κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, 비정상적인 μ „μš΄λ™ν”Όμ§ˆ(premotor cortex)μ—μ„œ μš΄λ™ν”Όμ§ˆλ‘œμ˜ κΈ°λŠ₯적 연결이 λ„νŒŒλ―Όμ— μ˜ν•΄ ν–₯μƒλ˜μ–΄ κΈ°λŠ₯ νšŒλ³΅μ„ κ°€μ Έμ˜¬ 수 μžˆλ‹€[27-29].
보행동결은 주둜 보행 μ‹œμž‘ μ‹œ, λͺ©ν‘œμ§€μ μœΌλ‘œ κ°€κΉŒμ›Œμ§ˆ λ•Œ, λ°©ν–₯μ „ν™˜ 및 쒁은 곡간을 μ§€λ‚˜κ°ˆ λ•Œ 잘 λ°œμƒν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 이와 λ™μΌν•œ μƒν™©μ—μ„œ κ΄€μ°°ν•˜κ³  λΆ„μ„ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€. 동적보행뢄석은 삼차원 κ³΅κ°„μ—μ„œ μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ κ΄€μ ˆ μ›€μ§μž„μ˜ 연속적인 ꢀ도와 μ—¬λŸ¬ κ°€μ§€ 보행 κ΄€λ ¨ λ³€μˆ˜λ“€μ„ 뢄석할 수 μžˆμœΌλ‚˜, 총 길이가 5 m둜 λ‹€μ†Œ 짧으며, 보행동결이 κ°€μž₯ 잘 λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” λ°©ν–₯μ „ν™˜μ€ ν¬ν•¨ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 단점이 μžˆλ‹€. λ°˜λ©΄μ— 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ •μ˜ν•œ 보행동결에 λŒ€ν•œ μΈ‘μ •λ³€μˆ˜λ“€μ€ μœ„μ™€ 같은 단점을 λ³΄μ™„ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹€μƒν™œκ³Ό μ΅œλŒ€ν•œ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ ν™˜κ²½μ„ λ°˜μ˜ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ 보행 거리(10 m)와 λ°©ν–₯μ „ν™˜μ— κ΄€ν•œ μ‹œκ°„κ³Ό 보행 수λ₯Ό 6회 λ°˜λ³΅ν•˜μ—¬ 평균값을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ΅œλŒ€ν•œ λ³΄ν–‰λ™κ²°μ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ„ λ°˜μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ 뢄석을 ν–ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 이전에 이미 κ²€μ¦λœ FoG-Qλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬[30] κ²½λ‘κ°œ 자기자극 μ „ν›„ 그리고 6μ£Όλ•ŒκΉŒμ§€ λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ—¬ 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μ •μ˜ν•œ 보행동결 λ³€μˆ˜λ“€κ³Όμ˜ μ–‘μ˜ 상관관계λ₯Ό κ²€μ¦ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 보행과 μ—°κ΄€λœ μš΄λ™μ¦μƒλ“€ 및 μΌμƒμƒν™œ ν™œλ™μ€ 보행동결과 λ°€μ ‘ν•˜κ²Œ μ—°κ΄€λ˜μ–΄ 있으며, λ³΄ν–‰λ™κ²°μ—μ„œ 자기자극의 νš¨κ³ΌλŠ” ν™˜μžμ˜ λ‚˜μ΄μ™€ μ—­μ˜ 상관관계가 μžˆμŒμ„ ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.
νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘μ—μ„œ κ²½λ‘κ°œμžκΈ°μžκ·Ήμ˜ λΉ„μš΄λ™μ¦μƒμ— λŒ€ν•œ 효과λ₯Ό λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 거의 μ—†λŠ”λ°, λΉ„μš΄λ™μ¦μƒμ˜ λ³‘νƒœμƒλ¦¬μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 아직 λͺ…ν™•νžˆ μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆμ§€ μ•ŠκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ‹€. 이전에 신경톡증 ν˜Ήμ€ λ§Œμ„±ν†΅μ¦λ“±μ˜ 감각증상듀이 μš΄λ™ν”Όμ§ˆ λΆ€μœ„μ˜ 자기자극 치료 ν›„ ν˜Έμ „λœ 보고가 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€[31,32]. μ΄λŠ” 감정과 μ—°κ΄€λœ 톡증이 변연계에 μ˜ν•΄ λ―Έμ„Έν•˜κ²Œ 쑰절되고 있으며, λ³€μ—°κ³„λŠ” μ•ˆμ™€μ „λ‘μ—½ 및 전전두엽과 λ°€μ ‘ν•˜κ²Œ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ κ²½λ‘κ°œ 자기자극으둜 λ³€ν™”λœ λ„νŒŒλ―Όμ„± μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ 변연계와 μ—°κ΄€λœ νƒˆκ΅¬μ‹¬μ„± ν”Όμ§ˆ λΆ€μœ„μ˜ μž¬μ‘°ν•©μ— 영ν–₯을 미쳐 감각증상을 ν˜Έμ „μ„ 가져왔을 수 μžˆλ‹€[33]. λ˜ν•œ νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘ ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄ ν˜Έμ†Œν•˜λŠ” λ‹€μˆ˜μ˜ 감각증상듀은 μš΄λ™μ¦μƒλ“€κ³Ό 많이 μ—°κ΄€λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€. 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλ„ κ²½λ‘κ°œ 자기자극 ν›„ UPDRS μš΄λ™μ μˆ˜ 쀑 λ¬΄μš΄λ™(akinesia) 및 상지 점수(upper limb score)κ°€ ν†΅κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μœ μ˜ν•˜κ²Œ ν˜Έμ „λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, λΉ„μš΄λ™μ¦μƒ 쀑 κΈ°λΆ„κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨λœ ν•­λͺ©μ˜ ν˜Έμ „μ΄ κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘μ˜ μš΄λ™μ¦μƒκ³Ό λΉ„μš΄λ™μ¦μƒ 사이에 μ—°κ²°λœ 기전이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•  수 있으며, κ²½λ‘κ°œ 자기 μžκ·Ήμ— μ˜ν•΄ λ™μ‹œμ— 영ν–₯을 받을 수 μžˆμ„ 것이닀.
이 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ μ œν•œμ μ€ μš°μ„  적은 수의 ν™˜μžκ°€ λ“±λ‘λœ 점이닀. 이둜 인해 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μžκ·Ήμ„ 받은 κ΅°μ—μ„œ 자극 μ „ ν›„ λΉ„κ΅μ—μ„œ 보행, μš΄λ™ 및 λΉ„μš΄λ™μ¦μƒλ“€μ΄ ν†΅κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μœ μ˜ν•œ ν˜Έμ „μ„ λ³΄μ˜€μœΌλ‚˜, ν˜Έμ „λœ λ³€μˆ˜λ“€μ„ κ±°μ§“ μžκ·Ήμ„ 받은 κ΅°κ³Ό 비ꡐ할 λ•Œ 톡계적인 μœ μ˜μ„± νŒλ‹¨μ— 주의λ₯Ό μš”ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ μž₯κΈ° 증강 νš¨κ³Όμ— 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ” BDNF의 λ‹€ν˜•μ„± 같은 μœ μ „μ„± 변이λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ” ν™˜μžλ₯Ό μ œμ™Έν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 점이닀[34].
이 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 보행동결을 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘ ν™˜μžμ—μ„œ 고주파λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ 반볡적 κ²½λ‘κ°œμžκΈ°μžκ·ΉμΉ˜λ£Œμ˜ μ•ˆμ „μ„± 및 μš΄λ™μ¦μƒ 및 λΉ„μš΄λ™μ¦μƒμ— λŒ€ν•œ 효과λ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이 κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘μ—μ„œ μ•½λ¬ΌμΉ˜λ£Œμ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ λΉ„μΉ¨μŠ΅μ  치료인 κ²½λ‘κ°œ 자기자극 치료의 μ‹œλ„κ°€ κ°€λŠ₯함을 λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όμ—ˆλ‹€. μΆ”ν›„ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 보행동결을 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘ ν™˜μžμ—κ²Œ 자기자극치료의 직접 및 λˆ„μ  효과λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 쑰직적이고 κ΅¬μ‘°ν™”λœ λŒ€κ·œλͺ¨ 연ꡬ가 ν•„μš”ν•  κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°λœλ‹€.
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the research grant from the research fund of 2013 Geriatric Health Care Center of Chungnam National University Hospital.

FigureΒ 1.
Flowchart of patient group. rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
jkna-33-4-297f1.tif

FigureΒ 2.
Changes of joint motion (hip, knee, ankle) between pre-rTMS(T0D) and post-rTMS (T10D). Significant difference was not shown in angular movement of three major joint of lower limbs using kinematic gait analysis system.
jkna-33-4-297f2.tif

FigureΒ 3.
Ξ”FoG-Q is inversely correlated with (A) Age (R=-0.716) and correlated with (B) Ξ”Velocity (R=0.683),(C) Ξ”UPDRS-motor subscale (R=0.603), D) Ξ”K-PDQ39 (R=0.462). Ξ”; Variation between T0D and T10D, FoG-Q; Freezing of gait questionnaire, UPDRS; Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, K-PDQ39; Korean version of 39-item Parkinson’s disease questionnaire.
jkna-33-4-297f3.tif

TableΒ 1.
Clinical characteristics of participants
Variables Patients (n=12) p value
Group Real (n=8) Sham (n=4)
Age (year) 69.8 (8.2) 73.3 (1.9) 0.282
Sex (M/F) 7/1 1/3
H & Y Stage
2 0 0
2.5 0 0
3 8 3
4 0 1
UPDRS part I 11.6 (4.7) 21.8 (7.9) 0.021*
UPDRS part II 15.4 (7.4) 25.3 (7.9) 0.059
UPDRS part III 36.1 (9.8) 39.5 (8.7) 0.575
UPDRS total 63.1 (16.8) 86.5 (21.1) 0.062
Duration (month) 76.1 (37.1) 64.3 (19.0) 0.567
LED 1134.4 (556.0) 1082 (328.1) 0.514
MMSE 24.4 (4.1) 23.0 (4.5) 0.610
RMT 81.9 (9.2) 77.5 (22.2) 0.933

H-Y; Hoehn and Yahr, UPDRS; Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, LED; Levodopa equivalent dosage, MMSE; Mini-mental state examination, RMT; Resting motor threshold.

TableΒ 2.
Changes of FoG parameters, FoG-Q, and UPDRS part III score from baseline to 6 weeks
Parameters Real stimulation group
Sham stimulation group
p valuec
T0D T10D T6W p valuea p valueb T0D T10D T6W p valuea p valueb
T10m 19.5 (9.6) 10.1 (1.9) 12.2 (4.7) 0.030* 0.124 21.3 (7.8) 21.2 (7.6) 31.0 (19.6) 1 0.491 0.039*
TT 5.8 (4.6) 1.9 (0.4) 2.4 (1.3) 0.056 0.179 5.0 (2.4) 5.7 (2.1) 8.2 (6.1) 0.465 0.115 0.194
Velocity 0.63 (0.25) 1.03 (0.14) 0.91 (0.28) 0.004* 0.001* 0.52 (0.18) 0.52 (0.17) 0.42 (0.21) 1 0.264 0.007*
N10m 34.3 (13.0) 20.6 (3.9) 22.7 (7.1) 0.027* 0.173 38.8 (12.4) 39.8 (12.5) 54.5 (28.2) 0.414 0.323 0.015*
NT 8.1 (2.6) 4.0 (1.1) 3.6 (1.5) 0.005* 0.046* 8.5 (3.8) 8.8 (4.2) 11.0 (5.6) 0.564 0.137 <0.001**
FoG-Q 19.6 (5.0) 9.8 (2.5) 10.6 (4.7) 0.002* <0.001** 18.5 (2.1) 18 (3.7) 17.8 (4.0) 0.854 0.983 0.034*
UPDRS-part III 36.1 (9.8) 22.9 (6.4) 20.7 (7.7) 0.022* 0.002* 39.5 (8.7) 40.0 (10.2) 43.3 (12.3) 0.854 0.242 0.004*

p value < 0.05*, < 0.001**

p valuea: Wilcoxon’s signed rank test between T0D and T10D.

p valueb: Repetitive measure ANOVA from T0D to T6W.

p valuec: Repetitive measure ANOVA between real and sham group (Inter-group analysis).

T0D, baseline; T10D, after 10 days of stimulation; T6W, 6 weeks from the baseline; Total time in 10 m-gait; TT, Total time in turning; N10m, Number of steps in 10 m-gait; NT, Number of steps in turning; FoG-Q, Freezing of gait questionnaire; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale.

TableΒ 3.
Changes of various nonmotor symptoms including cognitive functions
Parameters Real stimulation group
Sham stimulation group
p valuec
T0D T10D T6W p valuea p valueb T0D T10D T6W p valuea p valueb
K-MMSE 24.4 (4.1) 25.5 (3.0) 26.7 (1.9) 0.572 0.396 23.0 (4.5) 23.8 (3.8) 22.8 (3.3) 0.854 0.935 0.232
3MS 79.5 (12.9) 84.1 (9.0) 85.4 (8.8) 0.206 0.293 68.3 (18.5) 71.5 (11.6) 74.0 (15.8) 0.465 0.431 0.462
K-MoCA 17.8 (4.4) 17.5 (3.7) 20.4 (4.0) 0.730 0.123 13.3 (4.1) 12.0 (5.5) 14.0 (4.5) 0.257 0.485 0.264
FAB 11.9 (2.2) 10.8 (2.3) 12.0 (2.8) 0.056 0.382 7.8 (1.7) 7.5 (1.7) 8.0 (1.4) 0.317 0.681 0.764
K-NMSS 67.6 (42.3) 36.1 (23.7) 24.9 (18.5) 0.025* 0.002* 141.8 (51.7) 161.5 (39.4) 191.5 (47.9) 0.465 0.158 0.006*
K-PDQ39 61.9 (22.8) 31.5 (26.9) 27.7 (13.8) 0.017* 0.002* 100.0 (25.9) 101.8 (17.9) 102.3 (13.3) 0.465 0.687 0.010*

p value < 0.05*, < 0.001**.

p valuea: Wilcoxon’s signed rank test between T0D and T10D.

p valueb: Repetitive measure ANOVA from T0D to T6W.

p valuec: Repetitive measure ANOVA between real and sham group (Inter-group analysis).

K-MMSE; Korean version of Mini-mental status examination, 3MS; Modified mini-mental state test, K-MoCA; Korean version of Montreal cognitive assessment, FAB; Frontal assessment battery, K-PDQ39; Korean version of 39-item Parkinson disease questionnaire, K-NMSS; Korean version of Non-motor symptoms scale.

TableΒ 4.
Changes of FoG using kinematic gait analysis
Parameters Real stimulation group
Sham stimulation group
p valueb
T0D T10D p valuea T0D T10D p valuea
Initiation (sec) 0.88 (0.87) 0.24 (0.14) 0.012* 1.16 (1.34) 0.33 (0.22) 0.068 1
Cadence (steps/min) 105.6 (16.6) 125.5 (29.1) 0.093 131.5 (47.2) 116.6 (45.7) 0.144 0.028*
Step length (m) 0.30 (0.06) 0.37 (0.15) 0.293 0.23 (0.09) 0.28 (0.14) 0.068 0.933
Step time (sec) 0.58 (0.09) 0.50 (0.09) 0.123 0.48 (0.13) 0.55 (0.15) 0.465 0.048*
Stride length (m) 0.58 (0.13) 0.71 (0.30) 0.446 0.41 (0.19) 0.55 (0.27) 0.068 0.933
Stride time (sec) 1.16 (0.18) 1.00 (0.20) 0.483 0.99 (0.27) 1.13 (0.31) 0.068 0.028*
Walking speed (m/s) 0.51 (0.16) 0.72 (0.31) 0.093 0.40 (0.13) 0.46 (0.15) 0.465 0.683
Double support time (%) 34.3 (6.4) 30.3 (9.2) 0.208 30.2 (7.7) 31.6 (4.9) 0.068 0.154

p value <0.05*, <0.001**.

p valuea: Wilcoxon’s signed rank test between T0D and T10D.

p valueb: Mann-Whitney test between real and sham group.

TableΒ 5.
Changes of UPDRS motor subscore from baseline to 6 weeks
UPDRS motor subscore Real stimulation group
Sham stimulation group
p valuea p valueb
T0D T10D T6W Changea Changeb T0D T10D T6W Changea Changeb
Upper limb score (item 20-25) 14.3 (5.3) 9.3 (4.3) 7.6 (3.3) 5.0 (4.2) 6.7 (4.6) 14.8 (4.7) 15.8 (4.3) 15.0 (4.8) 1.0 (1.2) 0.3 (2.6) 0.004* 0.008*
Lower limb score (item 20,22,26,29) 7.4 (3.8) 4.3 (1.8) 3.9 (2.3) 3.1 (4.9) 3.6 (4.1) 8.3 (3.8) 8.5 (2.6) 9.8 (3.9) 0.3 (1.5) 1.5 (0.6) 0.368 0.008*
Axial score (item 27-30) 5.8 (0.9) 4.3 (2.1) 3.7 (2.1) 1.5 (1.9) 2.1 (2.4) 6.8 (1.7) 5.8 (0.5) 8.0 (2.6) 1.0 (1.6) 1.3 (3.2) 0.808 0.048*
Tremor (item 20,21) 2.8 (2.0) 1.6 (0.9) 1.4 (1.0) 1.1 (2.1) 1.5 (1.8) 4.0 (2.8) 4.5 (1.3) 3.3 (2.2) 0.5 (2.1) 0.8 (1.9) .0.283 0.933
Rigidity (item 22) 5.4 (3.6) 4.0 (2.6) 3.7 (3.1) 1.4 (3.0) 1.7 (3.7) 6.5 (4.0) 6.3 (2.9) 8.5 (3.8) 0.3 (2.4) 2.0 (0.8) 0.683 0.016*
Postural instability (item 30) 1.6 (0.5) 1.1 (0.6) 1.1 (0.7) 0.5 (0.5) 0.6 (0.7) 1.8 (0.5) 2.0 (0) 2.0 (0) 0.3 (0.5) 0.3 (0.5) 0.109 0.109
Akinesia (item 23-26) 13.0 (4.9) 8.0 (3.6) 6.4 (3.0) 5.0 (5.0) 6.7 (3.9) 12.5 (4.2) 13.5 (5.0) 12.8 (4.0) 1.0 (1.4) 0.3 (1.9) 0.016* 0.016*
Bradykinesia (item 31) 1.4 (0.5) 1.0 (0) 1.0 (0.6) 0.4 (0.5) 0.5 (0.9) 2.5 (0.6) 2.0 (0.8) 2.0 (0.8) 0.5 (0.6) 0.5 (0.6) 0.808 1

p value <0.05*, <0.001**.

Changea: Difference between T0D and T10D.

Changeb: Difference between T0D and T6W.

p valuea: Mann-Whitney test between real and shamgroup (difference T0D with T10D).

p valueb: Mann-Whitney test between real and shamgroup (difference T0D with T6W).

UPDRS; Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale.

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